TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef
A1  - Ciais, Philippe
A1  - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan
A1  - Schrumpf, Marion
A1  - Janssens, Ivan A.
A1  - Thiruchittampalam, Balendra
A1  - Thelokes, J.
A1  - Saurat, Mathieu
A1  - Bringezu, Stefan
A1  - Lelieveld, Jos
A1  - Lohila, Annalea
A1  - Rebmann, Corinna
A1  - Jung, M.
A1  - Bastviken, D.
A1  - Abril, G.
A1  - Grassi, G.
A1  - Leip, Adrian
A1  - Freibauer, Annette
A1  - Kutsch, Werner Leo
A1  - Don, Axel
T1  - The European carbon balance : part 4 ; integration of carbon and other trace-gas fluxes
N2  - Overviewing the European carbon (C), greenhouse gas (GHG), and non-GHG fluxes, gross primary productivity (GPP) is about 9.3 Pg yr-1, and fossil fuel imports are 1.6 Pg yr-1. GPP is about 1.25% of solar radiation, containing about 360 × 1018 J energy - five times the energy content of annual fossil fuel use. Net primary production (NPP) is 50%, terrestrial net biome productivity, NBP, 3%, and the net GHG balance, NGB, 0.3% of GPP. Human harvest uses 20% of NPP or 10% of GPP, or alternatively 1‰ of solar radiation after accounting for the inherent cost of agriculture and forestry, for production of pesticides and fertilizer, the return of organic fertilizer, and for the C equivalent cost of GHG emissions. C equivalents are defined on a global warming potential with a 100-year time horizon. The equivalent of about 2.4% of the mineral fertilizer input is emitted as N2O. Agricultural emissions to the atmosphere are about 40% of total methane, 60% of total NO-N, 70% of total N2O-N, and 95% of total NH3-N emissions of Europe. European soils are a net C sink (114 Tg yr−1), but considering the emissions of GHGs, soils are a source of about 26 Tg CO2 C-equivalent yr-1. Forest, grassland and sediment C sinks are offset by GHG emissions from croplands, peatlands and inland waters. Non-GHGs (NH3, NOx) interact significantly with the GHG and the C cycle through ammonium nitrate aerosols and dry deposition. Wet deposition of nitrogen (N) supports about 50% of forest timber growth. Land use change is regionally important. The absolute flux values total about 50 Tg C yr-1. Nevertheless, for the European trace-gas balance, land-use intensity is more important than land-use change. This study shows that emissions of GHGs and non-GHGs significantly distort the C cycle and eliminate apparent C sinks.
T2  - Global change biology
VL  - 16
Y1  - 2010
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02215.x
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02215.x
IS  - 5
SP  - 1451
EP  - 1469
ER  -