@article{McDowallRodriguezUsubiagaetal.2018, author = {McDowall, Will and Rodriguez, Baltazar Solano and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta Fernandez, Jos{\´e}}, title = {Is the optimal decarbonization pathway influenced by indirect emissions? : Incorporating indirect life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions into a European TIMES model}, journal = {Journal of cleaner production}, volume = {170}, doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.132}, pages = {260 -- 268}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) such as MARKAL/TIMES are used to support energy policy analysis worldwide. ESOMs cover the full life-cycle of fuels from extraction to end-use, including the associated direct emissions. Nevertheless, the life-cycle emissions of energy equipment and infrastructure are not modelled explicitly. This prevents analysis of questions relating to the relative importance of emissions associated with the build-up of infrastructure and other equipment required for decarbonization.}, language = {en} }