Zukünftige Energie- und Industriesysteme
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In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on renewable energy in the food supply chain. WISIONS presents projects from Nigeria, Pakistan, Nicaragua, Cambodia and Kenya that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for the selection of the projects was energy and resource efficiency, but social aspects were also of relevance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials
In rural areas, access to electricity is required for better living standard, enhance income options and reduce population migration. In last decades, steady progress has been made but the status of electrification significantly varies across countries. In developing countries, about 1.6 billion people live without electricity and another 2 billion have access but to an unreliable extent. Large population also live in remote areas where extension of grid is not feasible, where people continuing to live under distress conditions. International projections reveal that number of un-electrified people will remain same by the year 2030 if similar pace of electrification is continued in future.From this perspective, the study describes what bigger countries such as India, China and Brazil are doing and where rural electrification stands in priority in a poor country like Ethiopia. Is off-grid technologies show an option for such remote locations" The two case studies of Vietnam and South Africa reveal that work carried out through external support in the absence of national policies. As a result, people have experienced the benefits of technologies but unable to retain them in long term. Electricity has given various advantages but poor affordability of the people hinders the acceptance of technologies in rural areas.The study shows the need of a framework to achieve the long-term support for rural electrification. A framework that could direct the national priorities, understands social, economic and environmental aspects of off-grid technologies, identify key areas to be strengthen, allocates the roles and responsibilities at different working levels, maintains a consistent flow of adequate finance, pursue regular monitoring process and incorporate the monitoring results, or, critical success factors into the national policies to make them more effective. Both macro- as well as micro-level approaches have been suggested in this study.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, aufzuzeigen, inwieweit die Einbindung von Stromspeichern und Lastmanagement in die Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung die Spitzenlaststrompreise eines Systems mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energien beeinflusst. Mithilfe des auf MATLAB/SIMULINK® basierenden Energiesystemmodells EmSAr erfolgt eine nach ökonomischen Gesichtpunkten ausgerichtete Einsatzoptimierung fossiler Regelkraftwerke, Speichertechnologien sowie der Option Lastmanagement. Es handelt sich dabei um ein lineares Optimierungsmodell, welches als Punktmodell den Elektrizitätsbedarf der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Jahre 2020 bei hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energien deckt. Die Einsatzplanung konzentriert sich dabei auf den starke Fluktuationen aufweisenden Spitzenlastbereich. Aus den Ergebnissen der Einsatzplanung leiten sich die Spitzenlaststrompreise des Systems ab. Ergänzt wird das Modell durch ein separates Simulationsmodell, welches das Ladeverhalten der Speichersysteme abbildet.
Solar-Sparprojekt macht Schule : Privatkapital finanziert erneuerbare Energien in den Kommunen
(2007)
A number of "roadmapping" activities are being carried out internationally with the aim of planning and facilitating transitions to hydrogen energy systems. However, there is an evident discrepancy between the treatment of quantitative and qualitative information in the majority of roadmapping efforts. Whilst quantitative information is frequently analysed in numerical and computational models, conversely qualitative information tends to be incorporated on a significantly more ad hoc basis. Previous attempts at incorporating qualitative considerations have not usually been systematised. In this paper we present a methodology aimed at increasing the rigour with which qualitative information is treated in hydrogen roadmapping activities. The key changes and actor mapping (KCAM) methodology was developed as the primary qualitative component of the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap project "HyWays". KCAM, developed from a well known general systems development model, constitutes a means of qualitatively analysing variable hydrogen supply chains that is structured, systematic and flexible.
Iran ist einer der größten Ölexporteure der Welt, sieht sich aber trotzdem mit zahlreichen Energieproblemen konfrontiert (z. B. stark steigender und subventionierter Energieverbrauch). Gemein mit anderen OPEC-Staaten hat Iran außerdem das so genannte Dutch Disease. Für Iran wurden Langzeit-Energieszenarien berechnet, die den Einsatz von Energieeffizienz und erneuerbaren Energien in unterschiedlich hohen Graden abbilden. Es wird gezeigt, dass in Iran unter Beibehaltung des bisherigen energieintensiven Entwicklungspfads binnen weniger Jahrzehnte mehr Erdöl und Erdgas verbraucht werden, als heimisch produziert werden kann. Nur unter Annahme hoher Effizienzsteigerungen wird es möglich sein, dass Iran auch noch im Jahr 2050 Erdöl und Erdgas exportiert. Unter Annahme von Preiskurven wird deutlich, dass Energieeffizienz für den iranischen Staat sehr hohe (ökonomische) Gewinne ermöglicht. Die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Iran ermöglicht ebenfalls hohe ökonomische Gewinne: Durch deren heimischen Einsatz kann Erdgas eingespart und exportiert werden. Außerdem tragen sie zu einer Diversifizierung des heimischen Energiemix sowie des Exportportfolios bei. Kernenergie ist dagegen für die Herstellung iranischer Versorgungssicherheit nicht notwendig. Der großmaßstäbliche Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien als Exportgut könnte innerhalb der OPEC einen Prozess der Disaggregation gemeinsamer Interessen einleiten. Dennoch sprechen zahlreiche Gründe dafür, dass die OPEC eine weitreichende Strategie für erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz entwickelt, die langfristig ihren eigenen Interessen dient und sie zu einem Klimaschutz-Vorreiter machen kann.
In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on how sustainable energy use can support poverty reduction. WISIONS presents projects from Namibia, Brazil, the Philippines and India that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for the selection of the projects was energy and resource efficiency with social aspects being of high additional relevance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials.
In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on the applications of solar assisted cooling systems. After taking a more detailed look at the characteristics of such appliances, WISIONS presents projects in Spain, the USA, Germany and China that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for the selection of the projects was energy efficiency and successful performance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials.
Scenarios for the future of renewable energy through 2050 are reviewed to explore how much renewable energy is considered possible or desirable and to inform policymaking. Existing policy targets for 2010 and 2020 are also reviewed for comparison. Common indicators are shares of primary energy, electricity, heat, and transport fuels from renewables. Global, Europe-wide, and country-specific scenarios show 10% to 50% shares of primary energy from renewables by 2050. By 2020, many targets and scenarios show 20% to 35% share of electricity from renewables, increasing to the range 50% to 80% by 2050 under the highest scenarios. Carbon-constrained scenarios for stabilization of emissions or atmospheric concentration depict trade-offs between renewables, nuclear power, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) from coal, most with high energy efficiency. Scenario outcomes differ depending on degree of future policy action, fuel prices, carbon prices, technology cost reductions, and aggregate energy demand, with resource constraints mainly for biomass and biofuels.
Jäger und Gejagter
(2007)
The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.
With this background the paper concludes that the methane emissions from the Russian natural gas long distance network are approximately 0.6% of the natural gas delivered. Mitigating these emissions can create new revenue streams for the operator in the form of reduced costs, increased gas throughput and sales, and earned carbon credits. Specific emissions sources that have cost-effective mitigation solutions are also opportunities for outside investment for the Joint Implementation Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanism or other carbon markets.
Alternativen zum privaten Pkw : Ressourcenschonung mit ÖPNV und kommunalem Mobilitätsmanagement
(2007)
Integrated systems analysis
(2007)
About 2 % of the overall electricity consumption of the EU is caused by circulators in single or double family homes and flats. A new technology of pumps with electronically commutated (EC) motor pumps is available now; it is one possible way to achieve a reduction in circulator annual electricity use by 60 % or more.
The project's objective is a market transformation towards this new very energy-efficient pump technologies - Energy+ pumps - for circulators in heating systems, both stand alone and integrated in boilers. Only few manufacturers have so far introduced the new pump technology to the market for single or double family homes and flats.
To bring more products to the market from all major manufacturers, the project will adapt and apply the technology procurement methodology as it was very successfully tested in the European Energy+ project on energy-efficient cold appliances.
Large buyers will be aggregated, to activate the pump and boiler manufacturers. Sales and training materials and a sizing spreadsheet software for installation contractors will be developed and applied. A competition both for energy-efficient products and marketing campaigns will be organised and the information on the Energy+ pumps will be disseminated widely through website, newsletter, media, and fairs.
This paper gives a short overview of this project and presents the results of the first project phases: a European wide market study on circulators and heating systems, and the first Energy+ lists for circulators, buyers and supporters.
Future of car-sharing in Germany : customer potential estimation, diffusion and ecological effect
(2007)
CO2-capture and geological storage as a climate policy option : technologies, concepts, perspectives
(2007)
The idea of removing carbon dioxide from flue gas and industrial gas flows and putting it into suitable long-term storage sites is referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). This publication provides a close look at this new line of technologies, describing its current status and outlining the prospects for development. The approach is both diagnostic and analytical, identifying the questions a technology assessment poses and showing the steps that need to be taken to implement CCS.
CCS is currently moving to the centre of climate policy discussion. Nonetheless this line of technologies is still the subject of controversial discussion. On the one hand there is a clear hope that these technologies will open up opportunities to use fossil fuels without harming the climate and thus make it possible to continue using oil, natural gas and above all coal even under a stricter climate regime. Accordingly, numerous R&D projects have been initiated all over the world, and various demonstration projects are at the planning or implementation stage. On the other hand, CCS (especially the storage part) has given rise to considerable scepticism from an ecological point of view.
Toothless tiger? : Is the EU action plan on energy efficiency sufficient to reach its target?
(2007)
Motivated by, inter alia, the increasing energy prices, the security of energy supply and climate change, the new EU "Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential" (EEAP), sets out the policies and measures required to be implemented over the next six years to achieve the EU's goal of reducing annual primary energy consumption by about 20 % by 2020. By increasing energy efficiency, the security of energy supply and the reduction of carbon emissions are also improved.
The paper will analyse the 20 % target of the new EEAP for the energy demand side by comparison with different recent energy scenarios for the EU. It will therefore review the recommended policies and measures and examine, in which energy demand sectors energy efficiency may be increased and to which extend. The main focus is whether the recommended policies and actions will be sufficient and which additional measures may be useful, if additional measures are needed.
The paper reviews the current knowledge on the use of biomass for non-food purposes, critically discusses its environmental sustainability implications, and describes the needs for further research, thus enabling a more balanced policy approach. The life-cylce wide impacts of the use of biomass for energy and material purposes derived from either direct crop harvest or residuals indicate that biomass based substitutes have a different, not always superior environmental performance than comparable fossil based products. Cascading use, i.e. when biomass is used for material products first and the energy content is recovered from the end-of-life products, tends to provide a higher environmental benefit than primary use as fuel. Due to limited global land resources, non-food biomass may only substitute for a certain share of non-renewables. If the demand for non-food biomass, especially fuel crops and its derivates, continues to grow this will inevitably lead to an expansion of global arable land at the expense of natural ecosystems such as savannas and tropical rain forests. Whereas the current aspirations and incentives to increase the use of non-food biomass are intended to counteract climate change and environmental degradation, they are thus bound to a high risk of problem shifting and may even lead to a global deterioration of the environment. Although the "balanced approach" of the European Union's biomass strategy may be deemed a good principle, the concrete targets and implementation measures in the Union and countries like Germany should be revisited. Likewise, countries like Brazil and Indonesia may revisit their strategies to use their natural resources for export or domestic purposes. Further research is needed to optimize the use of biomass within and between regions.
Anpassung der Planungs- und Auslegungsgrundlagen an den Klimawandel : Schutz von Infrastrukturen
(2007)
Inducing the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector
(2007)
Although CO2 capture and storage(CCS) technologies are heatedly debated, many politicians and energy producers consider them to be a possible technical option to mitigate carbon dioxide from large-point sources. Hence, both national and international decision-makers devote a growing amount of capacities and financial resources to CCS in order to develop and demonstrate the technology and enable ist broad diffusion.The presented report concentrates on the influence of policy incentives on CCS diffusion and examines the following research question: Which policy strategy is needed to stimulate the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector? Based on the analysis of innovation-specific (e.g. CCS competitiveness and compatibility), market-related (e.g. national CO2 discharges and storage capacities) and institutional determinants (e.g. existing national and international policy frameworks) of CCS diffusion, the paper discusses the suitability of various national and international policy instruments to induce the international deployment of CCS. Afterwards, three CCS diffusion paths are derived from fundamentally different carbon stabilisation scenarios which include climate policy measures to stimulate the adoption of CO2 mitigation technologies.
Die vorliegende Broschüre setzt sich mit der Technologie der CO2-Abtrennung und Speicherung (CCS: Carbon Capture and Storage) auseinander. Sie bereitet den heute verfügbaren Sachstand auf und beschreibt die Entwicklungsperspektiven und Potenziale. Sie geht dabei sowohl diagnostisch als auch analytisch vor und zeigt die noch offenen Fragen für die Bewertung dieser Technologielinie sowie die noch notwendigen Handlungsschritte für ihre Umsetzung auf.
For the option of “carbon capture and storage”, an integrated assessment in the form of a life cycle analysis and a cost assessment combined with a systematic comparison with renewable energies regarding future conditions in the power plant market for the situation in Germany is done. The calculations along the whole process chain show that CCS technologies emit per kWh more than generally assumed in clean-coal concepts (total CO2 reduction by 72-90% and total greenhouse gas reduction by 65-79%) and considerable more if compared with renewable electricity. Nevertheless, CCS could lead to a significant absolute reduction of GHG-emissions within the electricity supply system. Furthermore, depending on the growth rates and the market development, renewables could develop faster and could be in the long term cheaper than CCS based plants. Especially, in Germany, CCS as a climate protection option is phasing a specific problem as a huge amount of fossil power plant has to be substituted in the next 15 years where CCS technologies might be not yet available. For a considerable contribution of CCS to climate protection, the energy structure in Germany requires the integration of capture ready plants into the current renewal programs. If CCS retrofit technologies could be applied at least from 2020, this would strongly decrease the expected CO2 emissions and would give a chance to reach the climate protection goal of minus 80% including the renewed fossil-fired power plants.
An die Leserinnen und Leser
(2007)
Atomstreit mit dem Iran, Unruhen in Nigeria, Hurrikans in den USA: immer neue Krisen treiben den Ölpreis in die Höhe. Und wir hängen am immer teurer werdenden Tropf, ob Industriebetrieb oder Verbraucher. Öl, unser wichtigster Energieträger, heizt nicht nur das Klima auf, sondern entpuppt sich zunehmend als Krisenfaktor für die Welt.
Mit der stetig wachsenden Verletzlichkeit unserer Energiesysteme reift die Erkenntnis, welche grundlegenden strukturellen Faktoren die Energiesicherheit bestimmen. Wie können wir unsere Abhängigkeit von Energieimporten verringern, den Klimaschutz verbessern und globale sozioökonomische Schieflagen entschärfen?
Eine Vielzahl von Vorschlägen ist in diesem Buch zusammengestellt: internationale Energiekooperationen "auf Augenhöhe", Steigerung der Energieeffizienz, Solarstromtransport aus Nordafrika, geopolitische Strategien oder diplomatisches Engagement in China, ... Wer sich für die ökologische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Zukunft unseres Planeten interessiert, kommt am Öl nicht vorbei - und sollte dieses Buch lesen.