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The Paris Agreement introduces long-term strategies as an instrument to inform progressively more ambitious emission reduction objectives, while holding development goals paramount in the context of national circumstances. In the lead up to the twenty-first Conference of the Parties, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project developed mid-century low-emission pathways for 16 countries, based on an innovative pathway design framework. In this Perspective, we describe this framework and show how it can support the development of sectorally and technologically detailed, policy-relevant and country-driven strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal. We also discuss how this framework can be used to engage stakeholder input and buy-in; design implementation policy packages; reveal necessary technological, financial and institutional enabling conditions; and support global stocktaking and increasing of ambition.
The cement industry is one of the major energy consuming and CO2 emitting sectors in China. In 2010, 1,868 million tons of cement has been produced, which accounted for 56.1% of the world's total cement production. The 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2006-2010) included policy measures for CO2 emission abatement in cement production. Based on the main governmental framework of CO2 mitigation policies at national level in the cement sector, key policies and technologies used during this period are identified and their effects on CO2 reduction are assessed. This paper calculates the reduction of CO2 emissions related to four main policies and technologies for efficient cement production in the 11th and the 12th FYP (2011-2015) with 2005 as a reference year. These are waste heat recovery, closing outdated facilities, substitution for clinker production and other technologies aiming to increase energy efficiency. Due to these measures, we estimate that a total CO2 emission reduction during the 11th FYP of 397 million tonnes could be saved, which is considerably different to 185.75 million tonnes estimated by Zeng (2008) and 303 million tonnes by the NDRC by using different calculation methods. Of the four technologies, the 4th group of energy efficiency increasing techniques was the most important policy and avoided the largest amount of CO2 emissions. Previous energy intensity reduction was mainly due to the outdated production closing and energy efficiency improving. Based on the assessment of technology performance, it appears that there is still a large emission reduction potential in cement production processes. The paper calculates this potential for the 12th FYP period (2011-2015) based on these four identified policy measures. The result is compared to the Chinese government targets in the 12th FYP and promising future CO2 mitigation policies and technologies are proposed, such as the use of alternative energy.
The main objective of this article is to evaluate CO2 mitigation potential and to calculate costs avoided by the use of different CO2 mitigation technologies in China's cement sector, namely energy efficiency improvements, use of alternative fuels, clinker substitution and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Three scenarios are designed based on the projection of cement output and technology development over the next 40 years (2010–2050). 2.5, 4.7 and 4.3 Gt tonnes of CO2 will be saved totally in basic scenario and two low carbon scenarios up to 2050. By comparing these technologies along the scenarios, it can be concluded that CO2 emissions can mainly be reduced by energy efficiency improvements and use of alternative fuels. Clinker substitution, which reduces the clinker-to-cement ratio as well as energy intensity, results in significant cost advantages. CCS, including post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion capture, could play an important role in the capture of CO2 in the cement industry, and is expected to be in commercial use by 2030.
Today more than 45 % of all energy-related CO2 emissions come from burning coal. Thus, reducing CO2 emissions from coal use is a necessity for reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement. This will not only pose challenges for coal consumers (restructuring of the energy system), but also for countries whose economy is strongly depending on the production of coal. This paper examines the role of coal in three countries, which are or were in recent years among the top coal exporters: Indonesia, Colombia and Vietnam. Understanding challenges and possible transition pathways in these countries will help to develop global strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from coal in the short to mid-term.
Die deutschen Braun- und Steinkohlekraftwerke produzieren 40 % des deutschen Stroms - sind aber für 80 % der Treibhausgasemissionen in diesem Sektor verantwortlich. Ein sukzessiver Ausstieg aus der Kohleverstromung kann daher einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten, die deutschen Klimaziele zu erreichen und den Pfad zur Einhaltung der Klimaziele von Paris offen zu halten. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat sich in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland eine Debatte um einen möglichen nationalen Kohleausstieg entsponnen.
Der Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) hat das Wuppertal Institut daher beauftragt, zentrale wissenschaftliche Studien und politische Positionspapiere zum Thema Kohleausstieg zu analysieren. In der nun vorliegenden Metastudie fassen die Autoren den aktuellen Diskussionsstand zu wichtigen Eckpfeilern eines beschleunigten Kohleausstiegs in Deutschland zusammen. Analysiert wurden insbesondere Aussagen zur klimapolitischen Notwendigkeit und zur energiewirtschaftlichen Machbarkeit unterschiedlicher Zeithorizonte eines Kohleausstiegs sowie Optionen für eine sozialverträgliche Gestaltung des damit einhergehenden Strukturwandels.
Nach jahrzehntelangen, erfolgreichen Reduktionen der CO2-Emissionen in der Industrie, ist der Trend in den letzten Jahren wieder rückläufig geworden: seit 2014 sind die Emissionen wieder angestiegen (UBA 2019). Um die deutschen Klimaziele zu erreichen ist es daher notwendig, die Anstrengungen zu verstärken und intensiver als in der Vergangenheit Innovationen für den Klimaschutz voranzutreiben: Neue Produkte und Geschäftsmodelle sowie neue Herstellungsverfahren zu entwickeln, mit denen sich Treibhausgasemissionen reduzieren lassen.
Um die deutschen Klimaziele für 2030 einzuhalten, werden hierfür gerade auch (inkrementelle) Effizienzsteigerungen nötig sein - diese werden jedoch nicht ausreichend sein. Innovationen müssen auch einen disruptiven Wandel von Strukturen und Geschäftsmodellen erwirken. Disruptive Innovationen und industrielle Konversionsprozesse bergen jedoch hohe Risiken für die etablierte Industrie. Hier stellt sich also die Frage, wie eine auf Klimaschutz ausgerichtete Innovationspolitik gestaltet werden muss, um einerseits die notwendigen CO2-Einsparungen zu ermöglichen und andererseits die Leistungfähigkeit der deutschen Industrie zu befördern?
Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich diese Studie zwei zentralen Fragestellungen: Wie laufen Klimaschutz-Innovationsprozesse ab? Wie können Klimaschutz-Innovationen befördert werden?
Basierend auf einer konzeptionellen Klassifizierung von Klimaschutz-Innovationen, wurden eine Reihe von existierenden Klimaschutz-Innovationen, gerade aus der energieintensiven Industrie analysiert. Vier Fallbeispiele aus verschiedenen Sektoren (Aluminiumherstellung und -verarbeitung, Herstellung neuer Kraftstoffe sowie der Verzinkung) und verschiedenen Innovationstypen werden in der Studie ausführlich beschrieben. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich Unternehmen nicht nur an aktuellen Rahmenbedingungen orientieren, sondern Innovationen - sowohl inkrementeller wie auch radikaler Natur- im Bereich Klimaschutz auch unter der Annahme dynamischer Entwicklungen von sich verstärkenden Klimaschutzrahmenbedingungen vorantreiben. Darüber hinaus waren an allen untersuchten Fällen auch externe Promotoren unterstützend tätig. Daher wurden die möglichen Rollen von Klimaschutz-Promotoren mit unterschiedlichen regionalen und inhaltlichen Schwerpunkten gezielt analysiert.
The climate impact of the iron and steel industry can be mitigated through increased energy efficiency, emission efficiency, material efficiency, and product use efficiency resulting in reduced product demand. For achieving ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation targets in this sector all measures could become necessary. The current paper focuses on one of those four key measures: emission efficiency via innovative primary steelmaking technologies. After analysing their techno-economical potential until 2100 in part A of this publication, the current research broadens the evaluation scope for the crucial year 2050, based on a Multicriteria-Analysis (MCA). 12 criteria from five different categories ("technology", "society and politics", "economy", "safety and vulnerability" and "ecology") are used to assess the same four future steelmaking technologies in a systematic and holistic way in Germany, as one possible location. The technologies in focus are the blast furnace route (BF-BOF), blast furnace with carbon capture and storage (BF-CCS), hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR), and iron ore electrolysis (EW). These four technologies have been selected, as explained in part A of this paper, because they are the most commonly discussed technological options under discussion by policymakers and the iron and steel industry. The results of the current work should provide decision makers in industry and government with a long-term guidance on technological choices.
In 2050 the MCA shows significantly higher preference scores for the two innovative routes H-DR and EW compared to the blast furnace based routes. The main reasons being higher scores in the economical and environmental criteria. BF-CCS shows its greatest weakness in the social acceptance and the safety and vulnerability criteria. BF-BOF has the lowest economy and ecology score of all assessed routes, which is due to the projected high cost for carbon dioxide emission and increasing prices for fossil fuels. A first indicative trend assessment from today towards 2050 shows that H-DR is the preferred MCA option from today on.
Three exemplary weighting distributions (representing the perspectives of the steel industry, environmental organisations and the government), used to simulate different stakeholder angle of view, don't have a strong influence on the overall evaluation of the steelmaking routes. The results remain very similar, with the highest scores for the innovative routes (H-DR and EW). This leads to the conclusion that EW and in particular H-DR can be identified as the preferred future steelmaking technology across different perspectives.
Specific innovation efforts and dedicated programs are necessary to minimize the time until marketability and to share the development burden. The similarity of the MCA results from different perspectives indicates a great opportunity to reach a political consensus and to work together towards a common future goal. Regarding the pressing time horizon a concentrated engagement for one (or few) technological choices would be highly recommended.