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Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle dezentraler Akteure bei der Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems. Er betrachtet die Energiewende als ein gesellschaftspolitisches, technisches, soziales und ökologisches Leitprojekt für eine "Große Transformation". Die sozio-technische Hypothese dabei ist, dass (weltweit?) ein Trend zur "Re-Vergesellschaftung" der Energieerzeugung und nutzung auf modernstem technischen Niveau stattfindet in Verbindung mit einer regionalen und überregionalen Netzstruktur und (teilweise) auch großtechnischer erneuerbarer Stromerzeugung (z. B. Windkraftparks). Um den notwendigen massiven Ausbau erneuerbarer Stromerzeugung für die Dekarbonisierung von Gebäuden und Verkehr so gering wie möglich zu halten (Akzeptanz, Kosten), werden Energie/Stromeffizienz und die Begrenzung von Rebound Effekten (z. B. Lebensstiländerungen; nachhaltigere Produktions- und Konsummuster) zum Imperativ.
After two decades of privatization and outsourcing being the dominant trends across public services, an inclination towards founding new municipal power utilities can be observed. In this article, the authors examine the preservation strategies of the German energy regime following the transition approach developed by Geels. From the multi-level perspective, it can be stated that innovations take place in niches and have to overcome the obstacles and persistence of the conventional fossil-nuclear energy regime. Through an empirical analysis, it can be concluded that the established regime significantly delays the decentralization process required for a transformation of energy structures on local electricity grids. Furthermore, it is shown that municipal utilities (Stadtwerke) are important key actors for the German Energiewende (energy transition) as they function as local energy distributors and they meet a variety of requirements to promote fundamental structural change. The trend towards re-municipalization and the re-establishment of municipal utilities reveal the desire to further strengthen the scope of local politics.
Vielfältige Einflüsse wirken auf die Energie- und Wasserversorgung ein, auch aus Faktoren resultierend, die nicht mit dem Klimawandel zusammenhängen. Es besteht damit zum einen die Herausforderung, die Folgen des Klimawandels unter den allgemeinen Bedingungen gesellschaftlicher Transformation modellhaft zu erfassen. Die Produktions- und Versorgungssysteme in Deutschland müssen sich langfristig an die Folgen des Klimawandels anpassen. Das Kapitel thematisiert deshalb zum anderen die Verletzlichkeit von Energiesystem und Wasserinfrastruktur und stellt dar, wie sie in unterschiedlichen Szenarien berechnet werden kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser unterschiedlichen Szenariorechenläufe setzen einen Rahmen, der die vielfältigen Anpassungserfordernisse aufzeigt. Wenn die Versorgung in Zukunft sicher und effizient sein soll, sind darüber hinaus auch die anderen, nichtklimatischen Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen.
Africa and in particular African Least Developed Countries have to a large extent been neglected by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This article reviews the mechanism's performance in the region and highlights current developments. The analysis is based on a quantitative breakdown of data provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and Technical University of Denmark (UNEP/DTU) CDM Pipeline and was complemented by interviews with selected investors. The findings indicate that despite the various support measures for underrepresented regions, the overall share of African CDM activities continues to be low. The significant rise in the share of Programmes of Activities of recent years cannot make up for the continuing low numbers of African stand-alone projects. Further, the collapse of the compliance market has proved fatal in terms of timing: ongoing efforts to support the development of a genuine African carbon market were suffocated by the lack of demand for Certified Emission Reductions at a moment when capacity building had started to bear fruit. Consequently, instead of being a mitigation tool with significant scale, the future role of the CDM in Africa might be limited to the voluntary market, while at the same time serving as a tool to foster sustainable development, with mitigation benefits.
What can reasonably be expected from the UNFCCC process and the climate conference in Paris 2015? To achieve transformative change, prevailing unsustainable routines embedded in socio-economic systems have to be translated into new and sustainable ones. This article conceptualizes the UNFCCC and the associated policy processes as a catalyst for this translation by applying a structurational regime model. This model provides an analytical distinction of rules (norms and shared meaning) and resources (economic resources as well as authoritative and allocative power) and allows us to conceptualize agency on various levels, including beyond nation states. The analysis concludes that the UNFCCC's narrow focus on emission targets, which essentially is a focus on resources, has proven ineffective. In addition, the static division of industrialized and developing countries in the Convention's annexes and the consensus-based decision-making rules have impeded ambitious climate protection. The article concludes that the UNFCCC is much better equipped to provide rules for climate protection activities and should consciously expand this feature to improve its impact.