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This report analyses the international climate negotiations that took place at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in Copenhagen in December 2009. It lays out the main issues at stake in the negotiations, contrasts divergences in interests amongst negotiating parties, and summarises the results achieved in Copenhagen. The report discusses these results in detail and concludes with an outlook on how the challenges ahead could be overcome.
REDD crediting vs. REDD funds : how avoided deforestation under the UNFCCC should be financed
(2010)
Global climate
(2010)
The fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the fifth Conference of the Parties serving as Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 5) took place on 7–18 December 2010 in Copenhagen. According to the "Bali Action Plan", the "roadmap" of the negotiations agreed at COP 13/CMP 3 in Bali in 2007, the Copenhagen conference was to deliver a comprehensive agreed outcome on the future climate regime. Meeting this deadline was of urgency not only because of the ever more alarming messages from climate science, but also because the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. As ratification of a new agreement can be expected to take at least two years, a timely agreement on post-2012 emission targets is needed to prevent a "gap" after 2012. Expectations were high as more than 100 Heads of State and Government had announced their attendance and more than 40,000 participants had registered their names.
However, despite a record number of five preparatory meetings over the course of 2009, the fundamental differences between Parties proved to be too difficult to overcome. The main outcome of the conference, the "Copenhagen Accord", is only a political declaration, and even this declaration was not supported by all countries. In addition, Parties agreed to continue negotiations into 2010.
Taking public transport by bus in the Chinese Metropolis Hefei as an example, the report analyses the practicability of standardised baselines as possible instruments for climate protection funding. The development of standardised baselines for the transport sector has been pushed since the nineties in order to better assess emission reductions of CDM projects. Further aims of standardising are a clinical comparison and a precise forecasting. For all projects of a defined sector, class, size or a given geographical origin it is possible to develop standardised baselines in the sense of reference value for emissions. The report was produced in the context of the initiative "Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport" (SLoCaT), commissioned by the Asian Development Bank. It complements the study "Applicability of Post 2012 Climate Instruments to the Transport Sector (SITS)", that analyses the impacts of climate protection funding mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the transport sector of metropolises in emerging nations and gives recommendations for the further development of financing mechanisms.
This article analyses the negotiations on the future of the international climate regime at the United Nations Climate Summit in Copenhagen. It also discusses key issues in the ongoing business of implementing the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. The article lays out the main issues at stake in the negotiations, contrasts divergences in interests amongst negotiating parties, and summarises the results achieved in Copenhagen. The report discusses these results in detail and concludes with an outlook on how the challenges ahead could be overcome.