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Green accounting and energy
(2004)
The reductionist trend of equating sustainable development with sustained economic growth needs to be reversed. New accounts and balances help to operationalize the elusive notion of sustainability: they provide a coherent picture of the interaction between environment and economy. "Greened" national accounts measure economic sustainability in terms of (produced and natural) capital maintenance; balances of material flows assess ecological sustainability as the dematerialization of production and consumption. Both concepts aim to preserve environmental assets, but differ in scope, strength and evaluation of sustainability. First results for Germany indicate weak sustainability of the economy; strong sustainability is not in sight because of insufficient reduction of material throughput. Attaining sustainability through integrated policies needs the support of share- and stakeholders of sustainable development.
Die amtliche Statistik der Bundesrepublik liefert mit den umweltökonomischen Gesamtrechnungen (UGR) ein modulares Rahmenwerk, das wichtige, aber fragmentarische Daten zu einzelnen Umweltbelastungen liefert. Die in Tonnen aggregierten Rohstoffnutzungen und Emissionen zeigen Trends und Ursachen für verschiedene Belastungen, können aber nicht das weltweit anerkannte Leitbild nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens operationalisieren. Hierfür bietet sich die von den Vereinten Nationen propagierte integrierte umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnung (IUGR) an. Vor deren Implementierung schrecken allerdings sowohl die amtlichen Statistiker als auch ein eigens eingesetzter wissenschaftlicher Beirat noch zuruück. Der hier vorgelegte Überblick über die Methodik und Aussagekraft der IUGR stellt dar, wie Nachhaltigkeit als Erhaltung des produzierten und Naturkapitals definiert und gemessen werden kann - konsistent und daher vergleichbar mit den wichtigsten Wirtschaftsindikatoren. Eine Pilotstudie der IUGR illustriert dies für Deutschland. Sie zeigt ferner am Beispiel der Ökosteuer, wie Umweltkosten für den rationalen Einsatz von Marktinstrumenten der Nachhaltigkeitspolitik verwendet werden können.
Does money blur perspectives for a better life? Lifting the money veil from our yardsticks of progress, income and wealth, reveals the trade-offs of economic growth. The book presents new indicators of the social, economic and ecological impacts of our lifestyles and production techniques. The indicators help to identify those responsible for these impacts and account for their accountability in terms of environmental and other ("social") costs. Sustainable development is to bring about long-term prosperity without undermining its natural foundation. For the assessment of the opaque concept we need both, physical impact measures and environmentally modified ("green") indicators of income, capital and output. Peter Bartelmus opens the dialogue between frequently hostile camps of economists and environmentalists, data producers and users, and scientists and policy makers. Together, they may steer us towards a sustainable future. Practitioners in business, government and civil society will find valuable tools for making their work more sustainable.
The reductionist trend of equalizing sustainable development with CO2 control needs to be reversed - notwithstanding the significance of climate change. Conventional, "compartmentalized" data systems impede an integrated vision and treatment of the paradigm. New accounts and balances focus on the interaction between environment and economy. "Greened" national accounts measure economic sustainability in terms of (produced and natural) capital maintenance; balances of material flows assess ecological sustainability as the dematerialization of production and consumption. Both concepts aim to preserve environmental assets. They differ however with regard to the scope, strength and evaluation of sustainability. First results for Germany indicate weak sustainability of the economy, owing to an increasing capital base. Strong sustainability is not in sight, though, since material throughput has not been reduced sufficiently. An "Alliance for Sustainable Development" is proposed to implement and sustain the paradigm.
Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften bedeutet, alle ökonomischen und ökologischen Kosten offen zu legen: den Geldschleier wegzuziehen, der uns allzu oft den Blick vernebelt. Das Wachstum unserer Wirtschaft wird sich auf lange Sicht nur fortsetzen, wenn wir die Bedeutung der Natur für unsere Lebensqualität einzuschätzen lernen. Peter Bartelmus stößt mit diesem Buch eine Diskussion zwischen Wissenschaftlern und Entscheidungsträgern an. Dieser Austausch ist dringend geboten, denn Ökonomen und Umweltwissenschaftler müssen gemeinsam den richtigen Weg zum wahren Wohlstand finden. Hier werden Konzepte vorgestellt und diskutiert, die die Nachhaltigkeit von Wachstum und Entwicklung sichern sollen. Ökologische, soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Faktoren - sie alle haben eine entscheidende Bedeutung bei der Planung einer nachhaltigen Zukunft.
Sustainable development is the globally embraced paradigm for integrating environment and development policies. Agreement ends with attempts at quantifying the elusive notion of sustainability. A contentious debate among "environmentalists" and "environmental economists" has brought about a confusing proliferation of indicators and policy advice on sustainable development. Generating a common language by means of integrated physical and monetary environmental accounting could moderate the debate. Economic and ecological sustainability is thus distinguished and operationalised in terms of capital maintenance and dematerialisation of economic activity. Empirical results presented are not conclusive, however. Moreover, the reconciliation of environmental and economic policies requires more than comparable statistics strategies and instruments of environmental cost internalisation need to be evaluated and combined with those of raising resource productivity. A social compact between government and civil society should provide the necessary support for achieving consensus and partnership. The sustained implementation of sustainable development depends on it.
Sustainable development is the globally embraced paradigm for integrating environment and development policies. Agreement ends with attempts at operationalizing the elusive notion of sustainability. A contentious debate among "environmentalists" and "environmental economists" has brought about a confusing proliferation of indicators and policy advice on sustainable development. Greening the monetary national accounts could moderate the debate by generating concepts and indicators which translate environmental concerns into the language of widely used economic variables. The implementation of sustainable growth and development requires more. "Eco-nomic" instruments of environmental cost internalization need to be combined with environmental legislation and regulation. Such reconciliation of environmental and economic policies should be supported by a "social compact" between government and civil society. The sustained implementation of sustainable development depends on it.
Statisticians avoid getting involved in data analysis, leaving data users on their own in interpreting the results of their work. This is particularly unfortunate in a new area of applied statistics such as environmental accounting with which few are really familiar. Earlier this year data producers and users explored, in a national seminar, possible policy applications of the results of a "green accounting" project in the Philippines. The main findings of the author's contribution to the seminar, on which the present paper is based, are that environmental accounts: (1) present evidence of sustainable economic performance in the country during the relatively short-time period of 1988–1994; (2) provide information for environmental cost internalization; (3) may guide investment to environmentally sound production processes; (4) help to specify and monitor policies of natural wealth conservation, distribution and management; and (5) reveal major data gaps. The paper concludes that environmental accounts help to assess the sustainability of economic growth in terms of broadly defined capital maintenance. The sustainability of development, however, would have to be measured by alternative or supplementary physical indicators linked to quantifiable standards or targets.