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New energy technologies may fail to make the transition to the market once research funding has ended due to a lack of private engagement to conclude their development. Extending public funding to cover such experimental developments could be one way to improve this transition. However, identifying promising research and development (R&D) proposals for this purpose is a difficult task for the following reasons: Close-to-market implementations regularly require substantial resources while public budgets are limited; the allocation of public funds needs to be fair, open, and documented; the evaluation is complex and subject to public sector regulations for public engagement in R&D funding. This calls for a rigorous evaluation process. This paper proposes an operational three-staged decision support system (DSS) to assist decision-makers in public funding institutions in the ex-ante evaluation of R&D proposals for large-scale close-to-market projects in energy research. The system was developed based on a review of literature and related approaches from practice combined with a series of workshops with practitioners from German public funding institutions. The results confirm that the decision-making process is a complex one that is not limited to simply scoring R&D proposals. Decision-makers also have to deal with various additional issues such as determining the state of technological development, verifying market failures or considering existing funding portfolios. The DSS that is suggested in this paper is unique in the sense that it goes beyond mere multi-criteria aggregation procedures and addresses these issues as well to help guide decision-makers in public institutions through the evaluation process.
The paper describes patterns of resource use related to German households' equipment. Using cluster analysis and material flow accounting, data on socio-demographic characteristics, and expenditures on fuel, electricity and household equipment allow for a differentiation of seven different household types. The corresponding resource use, expressed in Material Footprint per person and year, is calculated based on cradle-to-gate material flows of average household goods and the related household energy use. Our results show that patterns of resource use are mainly driven by the use of fuel and electricity and the ownership of cars. The quantified Material Footprints correlate to social status and are also linked to city size, age and household size. Affluent, established and/or younger families living in rural areas typically show the highest amounts of durables and expenditures on non-durables, thus exhibiting the highest use of natural resources.
The production of commodities by energy-intensive industry is responsible for 1/3 of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The climate goal of the Paris Agreement, to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C, requires global GHG emissions reach net-zero and probably negative by 2055-2080. Given the average economic lifetime of industrial facilities is 20 years or more, this indicates all new investment must be net-zero emitting by 2035-2060 or be compensated by negative emissions to guarantee GHG-neutrality. We argue, based on a sample portfolio of emerging and near-commercial technologies for each sector (largely based on zero carbon electricity & heat sources, biomass and carbon capture, and catalogued in an accompanying database), that reducing energy-intensive industrial GHG emissions to Paris Agreement compatible levels may not only be technically possible, but can be achieved with sufficient prioritization and policy effort. We then review policy options to drive innovation and investment in these technologies. From this we synthesize a preliminary integrated strategy for a managed transition with minimum stranded assets, unemployment, and social trauma that recognizes the competitive and globally traded nature of commodity production. The strategy includes: an initial policy commitment followed by a national and sectoral stakeholder driven pathway process to build commitment and identify opportunities based on local zero carbon resources; penetration of near-commercial technologies through increasing valuation of GHG material intensity through GHG pricing or flexible regulations with protection for competitiveness and against carbon leakage; research and demand support for the output of pilot plants, including some combination of guaranteed above-market prices that decline with output and an increasing requirement for low carbon inputs in government procurement; and finally, key supporting institutions.
This thesis justifies and develops a sustainable level of Lifestyle Material Footprint (LMF) as a benchmark for designing sustainable lifestyles. It shows the application of the benchmark in a Household-level Sustainability Transition method and presents a framework for inspiring design solutions towards a Design for One Planet (Df1P).
The thesis shows how the Material Input per unit of Service (MIPS) concept has developed from product orientation to the application to household consumption and from technically-focused measurement into an integral part of methods for designing one-planet lifestyles and supporting solutions. This provides both an advanced application of the concept and its opening to new purposes and users.
The core of the thesis is the suggestion of a sustainable material footprint benchmark of 8 tonnes per person per year as a resource cap target for household consumption in Finland, an 80% (factor 5) reduction from present average. The 8 tonnes benchmark opens the possibility for a target-oriented, planned reduction of LMFs by target-setting, experimenting and up-scaling of sustainable solutions. The method enabled the participating households to perform footprint reductions of 26–54% during the one-month experiment phase. Notable footprint reductions are thus possible even in the short term, which is an important message to other households and other actors in society. Calculating households' LMFs makes visible the structures underlying household consumption and the need for change not only in household consumption but also in the supply of products, services and infrastructure, and thus systemic changes initiated by others than households.
The orientation framework of Df1P suggests measures that could be promoted by means of design, and structures them in a matrix incorporating priority action areas in the fields of housing, nutrition and mobility, and the domains of product design, service design, infrastructure planning and communication design. Mainstreaming sustainable lifestyles will potentially require a new design culture, but at least significant efforts in product design, service design and infrastructure planning as well as in making sustainable solutions attractive to consumers and disrupting existing routines. The more technology and infrastructure can be integrated into this change, the more space will be left for individual diversity in achieving sustainable household consumption. The orientation framework could provide a first step towards Df1P practice by inspiring designers to integrate the recognition of the planetary boundaries into their work.
This policy paper reviews the concept of additionality in the context of the Paris Agreement. Additionality is a key criterion that helps to maintain the environmental integrity of the Paris Agreement, especially when units created under Article 6.2 or 6.4 are used for offsetting purposes whether that is by Parties in order to meet their NDCs or whether by other entities with legal mitigation obligations.
It does so by first reviewing key concepts such as offsetting, environmental integrity, and baseline. Subsequently, it explores the context of additionality under the Paris Agreement. More specifically it discusses what should be counted as the baseline for additionality demonstration. The subsequent chapter then highlights the challenges with establishing additionality, that is establishing a causal relationship between a policy intervention and a proposed activity. Finally, the Policy Paper discusses aspects of international governance with respect to additionality.
In der Analyse wurden die wesentlichen, in Thüringen vorhandenen nachhaltigkeitsrelevanten Strukturen und Akteure analysiert. Ziel war es, Handlungsempfehlungen zu entwickeln, wie die zukünftige Arbeit der nicht-staatlichen Nachhaltigkeits-Partnerinnen und -Partner und der Landesregierung Thüringen weiterentwickelt und verbessert werden kann. Für die Analyse wurden leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews und ein Akteurs-Workshop durchgeführt.
Although it is not part of what has been called the "ambition mechanism" or "ratchet mechanism", Article 6 of the Paris Agreement also has an explicit requirement to promote ambition. Article 6 specifically highlights that some Parties choose to pursue voluntary cooperation in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions to allow for higher ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions. Despite the common purpose, the two elements have to date been discussed mostly in isolation, both in the negotiations as well as in the wider literature. This JIKO Policy Paper sets out to change this by exploring the relationship between Article 6 and the Global Stocktake.
Tackling fuel poverty has become an increasingly important issue on many European countries' political agendas. Consequently, national governments, local authorities and NGOs have established policies and programmes to reduce the fuel poverty vulnerability of households. However, evaluations of such policies and programmes show that they barely reach those who are most in need. The reasons for this failure are diverse and include fuel poverty measurement metrics, local scale data availability and policy design. This raises the question of how fuel poor homes can be more effectively identified and targeted to ensure that limited local and national budgets are used to benefit those who most need help.
Area-based approaches, which pinpoint spatial units highly affected by fuel poverty due to their specific characteristics, offer an opportunity for creating more tailored policies and programmes. In this study, the author developed a GIS-MCDA (Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis), using an AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and applied the approach to the German city of Oberhausen. The overall issue of fuel poverty was broken down into three vulnerability dimensions (heating burden, socio-economic and building vulnerability), the relative importance of fuel poverty criteria and the dimensions were evaluated by experts, and an overall Fuel Poverty Index was created to assess the relative fuel poverty vulnerability of 168 urban neighbourhoods.
The analysis offers insights into the spatial pattern of fuel poverty within a city and thus provides an opportunity to channel efforts towards households in those neighbourhoods most in need. It also demonstrates that a trade-off between ecological and social targets should be considered in the development of future policies for tackling fuel poverty.
Behälterglasherstellung
(2018)
The German government aims to achieve virtually climate-neutral building stock by 2050 to tackle climate change. To realise this goal, comprehensive policy packages based on neoclassical economic theory are in place to foster energy efficiency investment. However, in the building sector, there is increasingly a gap between this aspiration and the reality. It is claimed that one of the main reasons for this is that the existing policy framework fails to address the specific characteristics and needs of different groups of building owners. This is a particular challenge in Germany, where 80% of all dwellings are owned privately and 37% are rented out by small private landlords (SPL). Despite the significant numbers of SPL, they often follow black box decision-making processes when considering energy renovations. In this study, the author uses an explanatory model to understand the decision-making processes of SPL, combining theoretical aspects from different research disciplines. This model was applied to a low-demand housing market in a neighbourhood in the Ruhr area. Eighteen semi-structured interviews (each lasting between 37 and 115 min) were conducted, demonstrating that in addition to economic factors, the values, beliefs, norms and routines of SPL - as well as their personal capabilities and contextual factors - play an important role in their decision-making. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for enhancing the effectiveness of existing energy efficiency policies and other supporting instruments (e.g. tenancy law and social legislation), tailored to the specific needs of SPL.
There is an increasing pressure that enhanced and novel energy technologies are swiftly adopted by the market to ensure meeting the energy and climate targets. An important issue with such novel developments is their risk to be stuck in the "valley of death", i.e. that their transition to the market is delayed or unsuccessful. Publicly supported demonstration projects could help to bridge the valley of death by reducing barriers to the adoption caused by missing information and perceived risks. A challenge for technology demonstrations in the industrial context is their often high investments that are required to prove their real-world benefits. Given the magnitude of such investments, it becomes crucial that public funding focuses on the most promising demonstration proposals. Structured evaluation processes can help to facilitate the identification of promising proposals and to improve the quality and transparency of decisions. This paper deals with a corresponding multi-staged multi-criteria decision support system (DSS) suggested to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. It deals with the evaluation of demonstration proposals across three stages: The first stage represents a filtering stage to identify those proposals relevant for further considerations. The second stage comprises a multi-criteria scoring method drawing on an evaluation against nineteen criteria. The final third stage serves to critically review the need for public funding of well-scored proposals. This contribution outlines the development of the DSS and its design and thus provides insights on proposal evaluating in energy research.
Real-world laboratories (RwLs) often put researchers in highly demanding research contexts regarding their roles and self-conceptions. Helpful roles of researchers have been described but still little is known about the factors influencing the adoption of certain roles. Using data from three parallel RwLs in Wuppertal, Germany, we found four roles of researchers: the reflective scientist, the facilitator, the change agent and the (self-)reflexive scientist. We sequenced the RwLs into situations and analysed them by RwL process steps and conditions, considering the roles of researchers as outcomes. Although the conditions convey only limited explanatory power, there was a consistent picture that being pressured to carry out real-world action, having a practice partner with fewer resources and working without a functional project group is (in conjunction) sufficient to cause the researcher to partake in activities beyond conventional research. Process steps played a minor role. Our research on factors influencing the adoption of roles may help RwL researchers to perform their roles as intended.
Urban areas, being responsible for large shares of global greenhouse gas emissions, are important arenas for achieving global decarbonisation. However, the systemic challenge of decarbonisation requires deep structural changes - transitions - that take place across multiple scales and along entire value chains. We argue in this article that understanding the role of urban areas for global decarbonisation therefore requires consideration of their context and analysis of urban areas' contributions to transitions that extend past the individual urban area. We develop an analytical framework that proposes three principal ways urban areas contribute to low-carbon transitions and ten competences that regional and local governance actors have to support them. We apply this framework to the Cologne metropolitan area in Germany to demonstrate the ability of our framework to relate urban-scale activities to more encompassing low-carbon transitions. The paper concludes with future research possibilities.
Comprehensive framework on asset management of transportation networks and resilience planning
(2018)
The German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is home to important clusters of energy-intensive basic materials industries. 15% of the EU's primary steel as well as 15% of high-value base chemicals are produced here. Together with refinery fuels, cement, lime and paper production (also overrepresented in NRW) these are the most carbon-intensive production processes of the industrial metabolism. To achieve the ambitious regional and national climate goals without relocating these clusters, carbon-neutral production will have to become standard by mid-century. We develop and evaluate three conceptual long-term scenarios towards carbon-neutral industry systems for NRW for 2050 and beyond:
* a first scenario depending on carbon capture and storage or use for heavy industries (iCCS),
* a second scenario sketching the direct electrification of industrial processes (and transport) and
* a third scenario relying on the import of low carbon energies (e.g. biomass, and synthetic fuels (like methanol) for the use in industries and transport. All scenarios share the assumption that electricity generation will be CO2-neutral by 2050.
For all three scenarios energy efficiency, primary energy demand for energy services and feedstock as well as the carbon balance are quantified. We apply a spatial-explicit analysis of production sites to allow for discussion of infrastructure re-use and net investment needs. Possible symbiotic relations between sectors are also included. The robustness of the three conceptualised future carbon-neutral industry systems is then analysed using a multi-criteria approach, including e.g. energy security issues and lock-ins on the way to 2050.
This paper investigates the multimodal nature of urban congestion and network performance, with the aim of developing practice ready policy tools to alleviate the adverse effects of excess demand, no matter in which mode it realizes. As part of the efforts to get an overall understanding of how congestion is defined in various disciplines, we conduct a literature review of relevant engineering and microeconomics studies. The investigation reveals the main areas where contradiction can be identified between engineering and economics approaches. In a second step, we investigate the results of an expert survey about the principles of congestion analysis from a multimodal perspective. The main contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we draw attention to the pitfalls of oversimplified and narrow viewpoints on congestion. Second, we operationalize these principles in order to enable decision makers to assess the impact of urban transport measures on congestion.
Der hier vorliegende Report ist das Ergebnis des Teilprojekts "Transformation und Vernetzung städtischer Energieinfrastrukturen", welches Teil des "Rahmenprogramms zur Umsetzung der Energiewende in den Kommunen des Ruhrgebiets - Energiewende Ruhr" ist.
Die Transformation der Energieinfrastruktur, in einer Region die noch immer überwiegend auf zentrale Erzeugung und entsprechende Versorgungssysteme ausgerichtet sind, zählt zu den großen Herausforderungen einer gelungenen Energiewende - auch wenn nur ein Teil dieser Herausforderungen in der Region selbst beeinflusst werden kann.
Im Rahmen des Teilprojekts wurden zentrale technologisch-infrastrukturelle Herausforderungen im Kontext der Umsetzung der Energiewende im kommunalen Bereich analysiert. Insbesondere war hierbei von Interesse, wie das gezielte Vernetzen unterschiedlicher Infrastrukturbereiche (Strom, Wärme, Verkehr) einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, Effizienzpotenziale zu heben und damit ein nachhaltiges und zukunftsfähiges Infrastruktursystem zu schaffen. Inhaltlich fokussierten die Analysen auf die Bereiche Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK) und Wasserstoff.
Bislang wurden solche mittel- und langfristigen Transformationsprozesse häufig allein durch technologiebezogene Szenarien und Strategien beschrieben. Der Ansatz erweist sich zunehmend als nicht zielführend, da er sich zu sehr auf einzelne Technologiebereiche beschränkt und das systemische Zusammenspiel zu wenig beleuchtet. Zudem werden weitere Faktoren (Nutzerverhalten, Investitionsentscheidungen, finanzielle Handlungsspielräume auf der Verbraucherseite, Akteursnetzwerke etc.) zumeist nur marginal betrachtet. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde daher der methodische Zugang einer Cross-Impact-Bilanz gewählt, um diskursiv und partizipatorisch qualitative Zukunftsbilder für die Technologiebereiche zu entwerfen.
The Port of Rotterdam is an important industrial cluster mainly comprising of oil refining, chemical manufacturing and power and steam generation. In 2015, the area accounted for 18 % of the Netherlands' total CO2 emissions. The Port of Rotterdam Authority is aware that the port's economy is heavily exposed to future global and EU decarbonization policies, as the bulk of its activities focuses on trading, handling, converting and using fossil fuels. Based on a study for the Port Authority, our paper explores possible pathways of how the industrial cluster can keep its strong market position in Europe and still reduce its CO2 emissions by 98 % by 2050. The "Biomass and CCS" scenario assumes that large amounts of biomass can be supplied sustainably and will be used in the port for power generation as well as for feedstock for refineries and the chemical industry. Fischer-Tropsch fuel generation plays an important role in this scenario, allowing the port to become a key cluster for the production of synthetic fuels and feedstocks in Western Europe. The "Closed Carbon Cycle" scenario assumes that renewables-based electricity will be used at the port to supply heat and hydrogen for the synthetic generation of feedstock for the chemical industry. The carbon required for the chemicals will stem from recycled waste. Technologies particularly needed in this scenario are water electrolysis and gasification or pyrolysis to capture carbon from waste, as well as technologies for the production of base chemicals from syngas. The paper compares both scenarios with regard to their respective technological choices and infrastructural changes. The scenarios’ particular opportunities and challenges are also discussed. Using possible future pathways of a major European petrochemical cluster as an example, the paper illustrates options for deep decarbonisation of energy intensive industries in the EU and beyond.
The Port of Rotterdam is one of the pioneers in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. It is the largest port in Europe and extends over 40 kilometres to the North Sea coast. Its ambitious goal: the port wants to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its industrial cluster as well as from freight traffic to a large extent. For the study "Deep Decarbonisation Pathways for Transport and Logistics Related to the Port of Rotterdam" the Wuppertal Institute analysed available options for the maritime as well was hinterland transports on behalf of the Rotterdam Port Authority.
The 2050 scenarios by the Wuppertal Institute show that decarbonisation will significantly change both, volume and structure of the transported goods - which add to the on-going trend from bulk to container transport. This will have considerable structural effects on port operations and in particular on hinterland traffic. A comprehensive decarbonisation (>95 per cent) will require significant efficiency improvements through operational and technical measures and the switch to non-fossil fuels, as well as a strong shift of container transport from road transport to rail and inland navigation. For maritime shipping to and from Rotterdam two feasible pathways towards full decarbonisation by 2050 are presented. Both include a stepwise shift towards renewable electricity based energy carriers for ships (liquids and gaseous for long distances and hydrogen and electricity for shorter distances).
Finally the report derives a set of recommendations for the Port Authority as well as the Dutch, German and European policymakers to support the transition towards a drastic reduction of greenhouse gase (GHG) emissions from in the transport sector and for using this as a strategy for a sustainable economic development.
Design for sustainability
(2018)
An index of accessibility-based vulnerability is created based on a definition of transport-user vulnerability regarding transport accessibility created for the EMPOWER project, in order to assess the project's key performance indicator of the inclusion of vulnerable people in the project's scheme. The objective of the index is to account for various individual vulnerability aspects, but also for the "multi-dimensionality" of vulnerability, i.e. individuals may be vulnerable because of one specific aspect (e.g., disability), or they may be vulnerable because of multiple aspects which, if assessed in isolation, wouldn't classify the individual as vulnerable. Users of the project scheme in the Dutch city of Enschede are surveyed on, inter alia, their vulnerability based on this definition, according to their income, mobility budget, physical mobility, age, gender, living situation, nation of birth, and education. According to individual questions, 1% to 54% (single parents and females, respectively) of respondents have some level of vulnerability. According to the index, 23–36% of respondents can be considered to be vulnerable. Suitably modified for local conditions, the index is relevant to cities, especially quickly developing cities where congestion reduction is or has been a priority, insofar as it offers a way of measuring and monitoring the vulnerability of the users of their transport system. Finally, steps to adapt the index to other settings (cities or countries) are discussed.
Relevante Fragen rund um die Möglichkeiten und Erfordernisse der Reduzierung und Beendigung der Kohleverstromung werden seit mehreren Jahren diskutiert. Dabei sind eine Fülle von Strategien, Analysen und Argumenten entwickelt worden, wie die Reduzierung und Beendigung der energetischen Nutzung von Kohle auf der Zeitachse umgesetzt und strukturpolitisch flankiert werden könnte. Der vorliegende "Kohle-Reader" greift die vorliegenden Analysen auf und gibt einen Überblick über den Diskussionsstand. Er soll über Fakten und Zusammenhänge informieren, das Für und Wider für einzelne Handlungsoptionen benennen und dazu den jeweiligen wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund aufzeigen. Er hat den Anspruch wissenschaftlich-neutral zu sein und er soll in Sprache und Darstellung prägnant und für die nicht zuvor im Detail mit den Themen befassten Leserinnen und Leser gut verständlich sein, ohne unzulässig zu verkürzen oder zuzuspitzen.
Das Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Rolle von Energiegenossenschaften unter dem Einfluss aktueller Entwicklungen der Energiewende für die dezentrale Energieversorgung zu analysieren. Mit dem Wegfall günstiger Förderbedingungen sind Energiegenossenschaften gezwungen ihr bisher erfolgreiches Geschäftsmodell neu auszurichten. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche neuen Geschäfts- und Kooperationsmodelle von Energiegenossenschaften in Betracht gezogen werden. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, inwiefern die Kooperation mit Stadtwerken dabei Potenziale für Energiegenossenschaften birgt. Die Analyse erfolgte durch eine empirische Untersuchung, die sich zum einen aus einer quantitativen Online-Befragung und zum anderen aus teilstandardisierten Experteninterviews, welche vorrangig Kooperationen von Energiegenossenschaften mit Stadtwerken nachgehen, zusammensetzt.
Die untersuchten Energiegenossenschaften zeigten sich, ausgelöst durch einen geänderten Ordnungsrahmen, in einer wandelnden Position. Neue Geschäfts- und Kooperationsmodelle im Bereich der Erzeuger-Verbraucher-Angebote und der Energiedienstleistungen rücken dabei verstärkt in den Vordergrund der Überlegungen. Für den weiteren Erfolg dieser Entwicklung wird es allerdings umso wichtiger, kontextspezifische Möglichkeiten und Lösungen zu finden, die sich in die begrenzenden Möglichkeiten einer ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit einrahmen lassen. Hierbei erwiesen sich Stadtwerke als bereichernde Kooperationspartner, die vielfältige Möglichkeiten für Energiegenossenschaften eröffnen können. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit analysierten Kooperationsmodelle zeugen von einem großen Spektrum an beidseitig gewinnbringenden Modellen. Für Energiegenossenschaften eröffnet sich damit durch die Unternehmensbeteiligung und der Einflussnahme auf die Stadtwerke verschiedene Wege einer Teilhabe der dezentralen Energiewende.
Die ersten Stufen der Abfallhierarchie : Abfallvermeidung und Vorbereitung zur Wiederverwendung
(2018)
Trump, Populismus, Luxus- und Konsumwahn, Ressourcenverschwendung - die ökologische Transformation befindet sich in der Krise. Kann der Umbau zu einer sozial und ökologisch gerechten Welt noch gelingen? Ja, sagen Uwe Schneidewind und das Team vom Wuppertal Institut. Was es dafür braucht, ist "Zukunftskunst". Damit ist die Fähigkeit gemeint, kulturellen Wandel, kluge Politik, neues Wirtschaften und innovative Technologien miteinander zu verbinden. So werden Energie- und Mobilitätswende, die Ernährungswende oder der nachhaltige Wandel in unseren Städten möglich. Das Buch ermuntert Politik, Zivilgesellschaft, Unternehmen und jeden einzelnen von uns zu Zukunftskünstlern zu werden.
Die Homepage zum Buch befindet sich unter zukunftskunst.de.
Seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre ist in Deutschland ein Großteil der Konzessionsverträge für örtliche Strom-Verteilnetze ausgelaufen. Dies eröffnete den Kommunen vielerorts die Möglichkeit ihre bis dahin in privatem Besitz befindlichen Strom-Verteilnetze zu rekommunalisieren. Vor dem Hintergrund der Energiewende und dem damit einhergehenden Umbau der deutschen Energielandschaft hin zu dezentralen Versorgungsstrukturen eröffnete sich kommunalen Verantwortlichen so die Möglichkeit die Umsetzung energiepolitischer Ziele der Bundesregierung auf kommunaler Ebene aktiv mitzugestalten.
Eine im Jahr 2013 durch das Wuppertal Institut durchgeführte Sondierungsstudie erfasste für den Zeitraum 2005 bis 2016 zahlreiche Stadtwerke-Neugründungen, welche einen Trend zur Rekommunalisierung im Bereich der Energieversorgung andeutete. Darüber hinaus versuchen sich Institutionen wie das Deutsche Institut für Urbanistik (Difu) und der Verband kommunaler Unternehmen e.V. (VKU) bereits seit Jahren einen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Rekommunalisierungen zu verschaffen. Trotzdem existiert bis heute keine flächendeckende Erhebung über Rekommunalisierungen in Deutschland.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher eine Bestandsaufnahme über die Rekommunalisierung von Strom-Verteilnetzkonzessionen im Untersuchungsraum Nordrhein-Westfalen zwischen 2005 und 2016 vorzunehmen. In diesem Zeitraum konnten für den Untersuchungsraum insgesamt 119 Rekommunalisierungen festgestellt werden. Damit lagen bis Ende 2016 bereits zwei Drittel aller nordrhein-westfälischen Strom-Verteilnetzkonzessionen in kommunaler Hand, womit der Trend zur Rekommunalisierung eindeutig belegt werden konnte.
Digitaler Kreislauf
(2018)
Converting electricity into heat offers the opportunity to make of use large scales of renewable (surplus) energy in the long run in order to reduce shut-downs of renewable power plants and to substitute fossil fuels. Electrification seems to be also very promising for industrial heat applications, as it enables high process temperatures to be achieved in a tailor-made and efficient way and enables the utilisation of other energy sources like waste heat, geothermal or ambient heat (via heat pumps). This article analyses theoretical and technical electrification potentials of Steam Generation and Other Process Heat Generation in the following energy-intensive branches: iron & steel, non-ferrous metal, iron foundries, refineries, base chemicals, glass, cement clinker and paper industry in Germany. Literature research, expert interviews as well as own modelling were conducted to determine potentials and their implementation barriers. Based on these methods, market potential to electrify industrial steam generation was estimated. On the basis of two climate protection scenarios, the effects of both a monovalent and a hybrid industrial power-to-heat strategy were quantified with regard to greenhouse gas reduction and energy efficiency (primary energy saving). The pathway towards electrification will be reflected by criteria such as path dependency, dependency of infrastructure and system compatibility. Recommendations for research and development as well as policies are derived from the overall analysis. The article shows that electrification can be an important option to achieving high CO2-savings in the industrial heating sector in a long-term perspective. However, the scenario calculations show that electrification does not in itself guarantee reduction of greenhouse gases or savings of primary energy. To reach these goals, it is essential to further develop industrial heat pumps and to map electrification and further development of renewable energy (including infrastructure such as power networks and storage facilities) in a concerted strategy.
Für den Klimaschutz müssen die Kohlendioxidemissionen verringert werden - massiv und schnell. Derzeit stehen dafür vor allem technische Lösungen im Fokus: bessere Energieeffizienz und mehr erneuerbare Energien. Diese Studie untersucht nun eine dritte, bislang zu wenig beachtete Strategie: die Energiesuffizienz. Sie verringert die Nachfrage nach energieintensiven Gütern und Dienstleistungen durch Verhaltensänderungen.
Zwei dafür wesentliche Sektoren werden behandelt: die Raumwärme der privaten Haushalte und der alltägliche Personenverkehr. Beide zusammen verursachen immerhin rund 40 Prozent der städtischen Energienachfrage. Am Beispiel eines Wuppertaler Stadtteils werden dafür lokale Akteure, geeignete Strategien und das erreichbare Einsparpotenzial an Energie und Kohlendioxid analysiert. In Szenarien bis zum Jahr 2050 werden die Einsparmöglichkeiten quantitativ abgeschätzt und die Auswirkungen auf das Alltagsleben der Menschen anschaulich beschrieben.
The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is increasingly recognised as a conceptual framework able to support the efficient implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite growing attention paid to the WEF nexus, the role that renewable energies can play in addressing trade-offs and realising synergies has received limited attention. Until now, the focus of WEF nexus discussions and applications has mainly been on national or global levels, macro-level drivers, material flows and large infrastructure developments. This overlooks the fact that major nexus challenges are faced at local level. Aiming to address these knowledge gaps, the authors conduct a systematic analysis of the linkages between small-scale energy projects in developing countries and the food and water aspects of development. The analysis is based on empirical data from continuous process and impact evaluations complemented by secondary data and relevant literature. The study provides initial insights into how to identify interconnections and the potential benefits of integrating the nexus pillars into local level projects in the global south. The study identifies the complex links which exist between sustainable energy projects and the food and water sectors and highlights that these needs are currently not systematically integrated into project design or project evaluation. A more systematic approach, integrating the water and food pillars into energy planning at local level in the global south, is recommended to avoid trade-offs and enhance the development outcomes and impacts of energy projects.
Energy and climate change
(2018)
Erfolgreiche Transformation
(2018)
Der vorliegende Bericht fasst die Inhalte des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" im Überblick zusammen und diskutiert diese. Er stellt damit den ersten Band der Berichte zu diesem Projekt dar. Nach einer Einführung wird die Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft als ressourcenschonende, weitgehend dematerialisierte Gesellschaft mit hoher Lebensqualität definiert. Es folgt eine Vorstellung der Methodik bei der Leitbildentwicklung und die Skizzierung der Leitbilder selbst. Daraufhin werden die Ergebnisse von Diskussionen zu den Leitbildern mit Expertinnen und Experten in sogenannten Stakeholder-Workshops auf der einen Seite sowie mit Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der verschiedenen sozialen Milieus in Fokusgruppen und einer moderierten Online Community auf der anderen Seite dargestellt.
Ziel dieses Berichts im Rahmen des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" ist es, eine solche Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft zu definieren. Hierzu wird zunächst der Rahmen für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft durch Aufbereitung der relevanten Diskurse bestimmt. Kapitel 1 zeichnet die zeitgeschichtliche Entwicklung des ressourcenbezogenen Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurses von 1972 bis in die Gegenwart nach. Aus dieser Analyse werden relevante Gesichtspunkte für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft identifiziert und am Ende des Kapitels in einer Übersicht dargestellt. Das zweite Kapitel entwickelt darauf aufbauend den bereits genannten definitorischen Rahmen, d.h. es erfolgt eine grundsätzliche Erarbeitung der normativen Kriterien, die eine solche Gesellschaft ausmachen sollte. Kapitel 3 skizziert dann existierende Zugänge zur Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft und zeigt wichtige Merkmale dieser Ansätze auf, welche zur Entwicklung der Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft durch Kontrastierung oder Übernahme von Merkmalen beitragen können.
Auf dem Weg in eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft benötigen die betroffenen Akteurinnen und Akteure Leitbilder, an denen sie einen massiven Wandel wie diesen orientieren können. Der vorliegende Band stellt fünf solcher Leitbilder dar. Sie waren Hauptbestandteil des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" und wurden mithilfe der Szenario -Methode erstellt. Inhaltlich wurden sie von Pionierinnen und Pionieren sowie Expertinnen und Experten ressourcenleichten Lebens erarbeitet, so dass alltagsnahe, praxistaugliche Elemente für die Leitbilder entwickelt wurden. Die Leitbilder zeigen eine große Spannbreite von Möglichkeiten, einen massiven gesellschaftlichen Wandel, wie er für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft nötig wäre, zu erreichen. Entsprechend unterschiedlich sind auch die möglichen Ressourcenschonungseffekte. Diese werden abschließend dargestellt und miteinander verglichen.
Der vorliegende Bericht ist Band 4 der abschließenden Berichterstattung zum Projekt "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft". Es zeigt sich, dass in der Gesellschaft heute schon ein ausgeprägtes Bewusstsein für die Notwendigkeit des schonenden Umgangs mit natürlichen Ressourcen existiert. Gleichzeitig bestehen aber zahlreiche Ungewissheiten bezüglich der Möglichkeiten, dies umzusetzen. Es werden verschiedenste gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Zwänge wahrgenommen, die einer entsprechenden Umsetzung derzeit entgegenstehen. Insgesamt aber wird in der Gesellschaft eine grundlegende Veränderungs-bereitschaft - oder oftmals eher noch: Veränderungssehnsucht - erkennbar. Als Motive dafür sind neben der Schonung begrenzt vorhandener natürlicher Ressourcen auch eine Entlastung bezüglich (in der Wahrnehmung der Betroffenen) oft ebenfalls bis an Belastbarkeitsgrenzen genutzter menschlicher Ressourcen relevant. Aus der Alltagsperspektive heraus sind in einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft also ökologische und soziale Fragestellungen untrennbar miteinander verbunden.
Thema des vorliegenden Textes sind Wandlungsprozesse, die - so die Annahme - Voraussetzung sind, um eine ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft zu realisieren. Für den Fall, dass kleine Veränderungen oder Eingriffe nicht ausreichen, sondern vielmehr radikale Veränderungen im systemischen Gefüge erforderlich sind, entwickelt dieser Band das Konzept des "Systemsprungs" und dessen Rolle bei der Realisierung einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft. Als Zugang zur Konzeption des Begriffs dienen bereits existierende Ansätze aus unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen. Es erfolgt dann mit der Untersuchung der Transformationsforschung die Bezugnahme auf einen Forschungsansatz, welcher den Übergang zu einer nachhaltigeren Lebensweise bzw. Gesellschaft zu erforschen und - als transformative Forschung - zu gestalten sucht. Kapitel 3 setzt die Diskussion aus dem Blickwinkel der Zukunftsforschung fort und analysiert verschiedene Konzepte von Auslösern radikaler Prozesse des Systemwandels.
Eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ist ein bewährtes Mittel, um die Rentabilität einer Energieeffizienzmaßnahme zu bewerten: Die Investitionskosten werden mit den eingesparten Energiekosten verglichen. Investitionsentscheidungen für Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen erfolgen allerdings häufig nicht nach einer reinen Erwägung der direkten Kosten und Nutzen. Gründe hierfür sind unter anderem "versteckte" Kosten und Risiken (z. B. Kosten für die Beschaffung von Informationen, Unsicherheiten über zukünftige Energiepreise und Einsparungen), aber auch nicht-monetäre Hemmnisse, die bei Entscheidungen eine Rolle spielen (z. B. beschränkte Rationalität, Präferenzen, Zeitverfügbarkeit). Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt der Bericht das Ziel, ein besseres Verständnis der Kosten-Nutzen-Erwägungen von Investoren und deren Entscheidungswirklichkeit zu erlangen.
Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Energieeffizienzdienstleistungen (EEDL) generell die versteckten Kosten - Transaktionskosten - reduzieren können. Das setzt aber voraus, dass EEDL sachgerecht durchgeführt werden. Transaktionskosten werden allerdings im Zusammenhang mit Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen von den Akteuren kaum wahrgenommen und entsprechend nicht quantifiziert. Des Weiteren zeigt sich, dass insbesondere bei Unternehmen die EEDL-Kosten für bestimmte Maßnahmen hoch sein können. Doch werden gerade in diesen Fällen die Transaktionskosten reduziert. Grundsätzlich erscheinen kostenaufwendigere EEDL, wie umfassendere Vor-Ort-Beratungen, im Gegensatz zu den preiswerteren Vor-Ort-Checks besser geeignet, um Transaktionskosten zu reduzieren.
Es geht um richtig viel Geld : die Klimaschutzverpflichtungen der EU und der deutsche Staatshaushalt
(2018)
The growing demand for timber, in particular for renewable energy, increases pressures on global forests and requires a robust monitoring system to ensure sustainability. This article takes a first step toward more systemic monitoring by asking how the global use of forests by EU consumers can be accounted for. Specifically, this article builds on and develops the method of global land use accounting to account for the EU-27's consumption of primary timber between 2002 and 2011 in terms of both volume and forest area. It assesses international trade flows for around 100 commodities and converts them into a volume of primary raw timber based on conversion values. Results reveal that both imports and exports increased over the assessed time period, with primary EU-27 timber estimated to be around 1 m3/cap in 2011. Gaps, uncertainty and a lack of harmonization regarding especially trade data and conversion values are key challenges to further improving the robustness of the method and reliability of results. Future research may focus on improving the method to address in particular recycled and recovered flows as well as the question of whether area or volume is the most appropriate metric for further development of a forest footprint indicator.
Much mitigation-related governance activity is evident in a range of sectoral systems, and regarding particular governance functions. However, there is a tendency for this activity to relate to the easiest functions to address, such as "learning and knowledge building", or to take place in somewhat limited "niches". Across all sectoral systems examined, the gap between identified governance needs and what is currently supplied is most serious in terms of the critical function of setting rules to facilitate collective action. A lack of "guidance and signal" is also evident, particularly in the finance, extractive industries, energy-intensive industries, and buildings sectoral systems.
Of the sectoral systems examined, the power sector appears the most advanced in covering the main international governance functions required of it. Nevertheless, it still falls short in achieving critical governance functions necessary for sufficient decarbonisation. Significantly, while the signal is strong and clear for the phase-in of renewable energy, it is either vague or absent when it comes to the phase-out of fossil fuel-generated electricity. The same lack of signal that certain high-carbon activities need actively to be phased out is also evident in financial, fossil-fuel extractive industry and transport-related sectors.
More effective mitigation action will need greater co-ordination or orchestration effort, sometimes led by the UNFCCC, but also from the bodies such as the G20, as well as existing (or potentially new) sector-level institutions. The EU needs to re-consider what it means to provide climate leadership in an increasingly "polycentric" governance landscape.
Environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3 - a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply-use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.
Stadtwerke spielen für die Energiewende eine zentrale Rolle. Zum einen stellen sie in Deutschland weit über die Hälfte der Versorgung an Strom, Gas und Wärme sicher, zum anderen haben Stadtwerke aufgrund ihrer kommunalen Verankerung eine besondere Position im Spannungsgefüge von Politik, Wirtschaft und Privathaushalten. Wenn es aber um die Frage geht, was den Erfolg von neugegründeten Stadtwerken ausmacht, besteht in der Literatur in gewissem Maße eine Forschungslücke.
Die vorliegende Studie, die vom Wuppertal Institut und der BLUBERRIES GmbH gemeinsam erstellt wurde, behandelt ausgewählte Handlungsfelder, bei denen ein Einfluss auf den Unternehmenserfolg von neugegründeten Stadtwerken zu vermuten ist. Dabei werden als Rahmen die Ziele der Rekommunalisierung herangezogen und konkret vier Handlungsfelder in den Vordergrund gerückt. Der Fokus der Studie liegt auf Fragestellungen nach dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg neugegründeter Stadtwerke sowie deren Zielerreichung. Dabei wird auf den klassischen Ansatz der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung zurückgegriffen. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Formulierung erster Aussagen darüber, wie einerseits die unterstellten Handlungsfelder in ihrer Ausgestaltung, andererseits die Erfolgsmaße durch neugegründete Stadtwerke beurteilt werden.
Aufgrund der im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung vorgenommenen Online-Befragung lassen sich für die in den Focus genommenen vier Handlungsfelder (Kooperationen, Digitalisierung, Resilienz und Soziale Verantwortung) die wichtigsten Ergebnisse wie folgt zusammenfassen:
Kooperationen und verschiedene Formen der Zusammenarbeit in der Gründungsphase spielen für den Erfolg neu gegründeter Stadtwerke eine sehr große Rolle. Neu gegründete Stadtwerke legen meist großen Wert auf nachhaltige Geschäftsbeziehungen zu örtlichen Unternehmen, was einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Public Value darstellt. Insbesondere gut ausgearbeitete Geschäftsstrategien in den Bereichen Erneuerbare Energien, Verteilnetzbetrieb, Vertrieb und Diversifikation unterstützen die Umsetzung der Unternehmensziele in Bezug auf Resilienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Die eher durchschnittliche Bewertung der Resilienz-Relevanz für den Ausbau eines Smart Grids im Verteilnetzbereich ist ein Indiz dafür, dass der Ordnungsrahmen so geändert werden müsste, dass Investitionen in diesem Bereich attraktiver werden.
Aufgrund des explorativen Charakters der vorgelegten Studie, der keine repräsentativen Aussagen über die Erfolgsfaktoren von neugegründeten Stadtwerken zulässt, werden folgende vier Hypothesen abgeleitet:
1. Der Einsatz von horizontal-kooperativen Ansätzen in der Gründungsphase als ein spezifisches Wesensmerkmal der deutschen Stadtwerkelandschaft hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Verbesserung des wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs und der Rentabilität.
2. Der Fokus auf Resilienz, Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz als zentrale Werte des Stadtwerks und als integrale Bestandteile des Unternehmensleitbildes unterstützt die Erreichung der strategischen Ziele des neugegründeten Stadtwerks.
3. Das Anbieten von Smart Metern zur Erhöhung der Kundentransparenz, zur Verbesserung des Kundennutzens und zur Optimierung des Verteilnetzmanagements kann als Erfolgsfaktor eingestuft werden und unterstützt seitens der Stadtwerke eine positive Unternehmensentwicklung nicht nur in der Startphase.
4. Die explizite Wahrnehmung von sozialer Verantwortung wirkt sich positiv auf den Unternehmenserfolg aus.
Es müsste nun anschließend auf der Basis einer größeren Grundgesamtheit geprüft werden, ob und inwieweit die beschriebenen Tendenzen (die sich aus der Online-Befragung ergeben) und die explorativen Hypothesen im Rahmen eines konfirmatorischen Untersuchungsansatzes wissenschaftlich verifiziert werden können.
Externalisierung 4.0? : Von der wirkmächtigen Erzählung Industrie 4.0 und ihren Schattenseiten
(2018)
Any energy efficiency impact evaluation can be done from different analytical perspectives, e.g. the investor/end-user perspective, program administrator perspective or the societal perspective. COMBI applies the "societal perspective", as this is most relevant for policy-making. COMBI draws on a reference scenario until the year 2030 including existing (partially already ambitious) policies. By modelling 21 sets of "energy efficiency improvement" (EEI) actions, a second efficiency scenario was modelled amounting to additional energy savings of around 8% p.a. in 2030, that is comparable to the EUCO+33 to EUCO+35 scenario. This D2.7 quantification report summarises the quantification approaches applied in the COMBI project and main project findings. It therefore draws on other COMBI reports that contain this information in greater detail in order to summarise quantifications.
The report is structured in three main sections: 1. The COMBI approach and methods, explaining key methodological approaches both for individual impact quantifications and for the aggregation of impacts 2. Quantification results, giving an overview on main figures of quantified indicators and 3. Insights from cross-impact analysis, which gives a comparison between monetised impacts and presents their use for Cost-Benefit calculations in the COMBI online tool.
Die Prozesse der Grundstoffindustrie sind verantwortlich für einen Großteil des industriellen Energie- und Stromverbrauchs in Deutschland. Welche technischen Möglichkeiten bieten sich in diesen Prozessen auf Flexibilitätsanforderungen des Stromsystems zu reagieren? Das vom BMBF geförderte Kopernikus-Projekt SynErgie untersucht die Flexibilität von Industrieprozessen. Ein Arbeitspaket, das aus dem Projektantrag des INFLUX Konsortiums hervorgegangen ist, hat nun umfassende Studie zu den Flexibilitätsoptionen in den Prozessen der Grundstoffindustrie veröffentlicht.
Die Prozesse der Grundstoffindustrie sind verantwortlich für einen Großteil des industriellen Energie- und Stromverbrauchs in Deutschland. Welche technischen Möglichkeiten bieten sich in diesen Prozessen auf Flexibilitätsanforderungen des Stromsystems zu reagieren? Das vom BMBF geförderte Kopernikus-Projekt SynErgie untersucht die Flexibilität von Industrieprozessen. Ein Arbeitspaket, das aus dem Projektantrag des INFLUX Konsortiums hervorgegangen ist, hat nun umfassende Studie zu den Flexibilitätsoptionen in den Prozessen der Grundstoffindustrie veröffentlicht.
Flexibilitätspotenziale und -perspektiven in einer Rohstoffschmelzanlage für Feuerfestmaterialien
(2018)
Nach den G7-Beschlüssen von Elmau und dem Klimaabkommen von Paris im Jahr 2015 ist das Thema der langfristigen Dekarbonisierung der Energiesysteme der Industrieländer in den Vordergrund der politischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskussion gerückt. Japan und Deutschland stehen als führende Industrienationen vor ähnlichen Herausforderungen, gleichzeitig können sich aber auch für beide Länder wirtschaftliche Entwicklungschancen aus der Dekarbonisierung ergeben. Aus diesem Grund bietet sich eine verstärkte Kooperation und die Initiierung gegenseitiger Lernprozesse besonders an. Die vorliegende Metaanalyse ambitionierter Klimaschutzszenarien für Japan und Deutschland stellt mit der Diskussion von langfristigen Dekarbonisierungsstrategien in beiden Ländern einen ersten Schritt in diese Richtung dar.
Die quantitative Analyse hat gezeigt, dass die Untersuchungsschwerpunkte der Szenarien - sowohl für Deutschland als auch für Japan - vielfach auf den THG-Emissionen des Energiesystems liegen. Die THG-Emissionen anderer Sektoren werden seltener und wenn, dann oft in geringerer Detailtiefe berücksichtigt. Der Vergleich von ambitionierten Dekarbonisierungsszenarien mit THG-Minderungszielen von 80 bis 100 Prozent zeigt in vielen Bereichen für Japan und Deutschland tendenziell recht ähnliche Entwicklungen und Strategien auf. Es wird deutlich, dass in beiden Ländern erhebliche Änderungen insbesondere im Energiesystem notwendig sind, um die anvisierten mittel- und langfristigen THG-Minderungsziele zu erreichen. Es werden ähnliche Annahmen zu Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Wirtschaftsentwicklung getroffen und es werden vergleichbare Entwicklungstrends bei vielen Ausprägungen des Energiesystems deutlich. Unterschiede zwischen den deutschen und japanischen Szenarien sowie zwischen den Szenarien der einzelnen Länder bestehen hingegen vor allem in Bezug auf Geschwindigkeit, Umfang und die Zusammensetzung der Strategieelemente.
Alexandra Palzkill zeigt in diesem Buch, dass sich moderne Industriegesellschaften in einem massiven Umbruch befinden - ökonomisch, sozial und ökologisch. Expansions- und Fortschrittsversprechen, die die Entwicklung dieser Gesellschaften über viele Jahrzehnte geprägt haben, geraten an ihre Grenzen. Was bedeutet dieser Umbruch für Unternehmen? Was bedeutet er insbesondere für solche Unternehmen, die eine Motor- und Symbolfunktion für das bisherige Fortschrittsmodell innehaben? Welche konzeptionellen Bezugsrahmen können Unternehmen in solchen Umbruchsituationen Orientierung für ihr strategisches Managementhandeln geben? Diesen Fragen widmet sich das vorliegende Buch.
The challenges and also potentials of the energy transition are tremendous in Germany, as well as in Japan. Sometimes, structures of the old energy world need "creative destruction" to clear the way for innovations for a decarbonized, low-risk energy system. In these times of disruptive changes, a constructive and sometimes controversial dialog within leading industrial nation as Japan and Germany over the energy transition is even more important. The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) released a summarizing report for the first project phase 2016-2018. It includes jointly formulated recommendations for politics as well as a controversial dialogue part.
The Council jointly states and recommends that:
Ambitious long-term targets and strategies for a low-carbon energy system must be defined and ambitiously implemented; Germany and Japan as high technology countries need to take the leadership.
Both countries will have to restructure their energy systems substantially until 2050 while maintaining their competitiveness and securing energy supply.
Highest priority is given to the forced implementation of efficiency technologies and renewable energies, despite different views on nuclear energy.
In both countries all relevant stakeholders - but above all the decision-makers on all levels of energy policy - need to increase their efforts for a successful implementation of the energy transition.
Design of the electricity market needs more incentives for flexibility options and for the extensive expansion of variable power generation, alongside with strategies for cost reduction for electricity from photovoltaic and wind energy.
The implementation gap of the energy efficiency needs to be closed by an innovative energy policy package to promote the principle of "Energy Efficiency First".
Synergies and co-benefits of an enhanced energy and resource efficiency policy need to be realized.
Co-existence of central infrastructure and the growing diversity of the activities for decentralization (citizens funding, energy cooperatives, establishment of public utility companies) should be supported.
Scientific cooperation can be intensified by a joint working group for scenarios and by the establishment of an academic exchange program.
This governance brief aims to provide practical examples on how investments in urban infrastructure, clean energy, and energy efficiency can be implemented; and how these are embedded in multi-level governance, experimentation, and policy-learning. It draws on examples from the German energy system transition, which can be understood as a large-scale, real-life laboratory for the governance of a sustainability transition of an entire national energy system. The federal state of North-Rhine Westphalia's experience illustrates the complexity of the governance challenge of implementing low-carbon system transitions.
The new mechanism under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement is to be supervised by a body designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). However, so far there is no clarity what role exactly the supervisory body (Body) is to play. Against this background, this JIKO Policy Paper analyses different governance options for Art. 6.4.
The paper first reflects the objectives of the new mechanism and on what the role of the mechanism as a whole should be. The paper then summarises what has already been agreed on the functioning of the mechanism and elaborates what steps will be needed to generate transferrable emission reductions under the Article 6.4 mechanism. On this basis, the paper develops criteria for how to decide what role the Body should have, and then discusses what role the Body and the other actors that are involved in the mechanism could have in each of the steps of the activity cycle.
Anna Bliesner-Steckmann stellt sich der Frage, wie Bildung respektive Didaktik beschaffen sein muss, damit ein moralisch-nachhaltiges Handeln nicht in eine normative Pädagogik mündet. Die Autorin stellt dazu den selbstaufgeklärten, mündigen Lernenden in den Fokus ihrer Arbeit und weist nach, dass es neben einer lerntheoretischen auch einer handlungstheoretischen Grundlegung auf psychologischer Basis bedarf. Ein zentrales Ergebnis ihrer interdisziplinären Studie ist das entwickelte Prozessmodell zu moralisch-nachhaltigem Urteilen und Handeln, aus welchem sich konkrete Hinweise für die Gestaltung pädagogischer Interventionen ableiten lassen.
The inclusion of references to human rights in the Paris Agreement was celebrated as a milestone towards greater integration of human rights in environmental and climate governance. Beyond their symbolic value, the significance of these provisions however depends on the extent to which they inform the implementation of the Paris Agreement both at the national and international levels. This article takes stock of the integration of human rights in climate governance and identifies concrete opportunities to ensure that human rights considerations are included in the Paris Implementation Guidelines to be adopted at COP-24, promoting climate action that aligns with Parties' human rights obligations. We first consider the relevance of human rights to climate action and the incremental recognition of these linkages in the international climate regime - both in the lead up to the adoption of the Paris Agreement and since. We then consider in specific terms how human rights could inform five key dimensions of the Paris Agreement's Implementation Guidelines: NDC guidance, adaptation communications, transparency framework, global stocktake, and the article 6 mechanisms. This article will reflect on past experience of how climate policy impacts human rights and on proposals put forward in the context of the negotiations of the implementation guidelines. It concludes with recommendations on a right-based approach to the implementation of the Paris Agreement.
Combined heat and power (CHP) production in buildings is one of the mitigation options available for achieving a considerable decrease in GHG emissions. Micro-CHP (mCHP) fuel cells are capable of cogenerating electricity and heat very efficiently on a decentralised basis. Although they offer clear environmental benefits and have the potential to create a systemic change in energy provision, the diffusion of mCHP fuel cells is rather slow. There are numerous potential drivers for the successful diffusion of fuel cell cogeneration units, but key economic actors are often unaware of them. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of barriers, drivers and business opportunities surrounding micro-CHP fuel-cell units (up to 5 kWel) in the German building market. Business opportunities have been identified based not only on quantitative data for drivers and barriers, but also on discussions with relevant stakeholders such as housing associations, which are key institutional demand-side actors. These business opportunities include fuel cell contracting as well as the development of a large lighthouse project to demonstrate the climate-neutral, efficient use of fuel cells in the residential building sector. The next step could involve the examination and development of more detailed options and business models. The approach and methods used in the survey may be applied on a larger scale and in other sectors.
Access to clean and affordable modern energy services has been widely recognised as a significant factor for enabling social and economic development. Stand-alone systems and mini-grids are presumed to play an important role in the provision of sustainable energy to those people who currently lack access. Accordingly, an increasing number of small-scale energy projects are being implemented in developing countries and emerging economies. However, despite the large number of energy development projects, only limited evidence exists about the actual contribution they make to sustainable development. This paper addresses this research gap by providing a systematic assessment of three selected impact pathways based on the evaluation of over 30 small-scale sustainable energy projects. Applying a theory-based evaluation approach in the form of a contribution analysis, the aim of this research is to better understand if and how these types of technical interventions can create development outcomes and impacts. The results show that technological issues are often not the most decisive factor in achieving development effects, but that embedding the technology in a set of actions that address social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects is essential.
The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Ethiopia under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of agriculture, forestry and low-emission transport.
Implementation of nationally determined contributions : Islamic Republic of Iran country report
(2018)
The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of demand-side efficiency through energy-price reform, upstream oil and gas efficiency (with an emphasis on gas flaring) and a sustainable energy mix (with an emphasis on renewable energies).
The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Morocco under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of urban environment, the mineral sector and the transport sector. A chapter is dedicated to the relevance and perspectives of coal use.
Implementation of nationally determined contributions : Rebublic of Marshall Islands country report
(2018)
The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Republic of Marshall Islands under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of transport - especially low-carbon domestic shipping - and waste reduction, disposal and processing.
In this perspective article, we undertake a brief empirical analysis of the dominant narratives in debates around India's energy future. India has ambitious goals for increasing renewable energy and enabling universal energy access, but there is little social consensus on how these goals should be achieved. We find two compelling narratives in energy policy debates in the country: "energy for development" that privileges energy as critical to economic growth and long term strategic security; and "energy for all" that prioritises the role of energy for basic development and ending poverty. We find that while these narratives find common ground on certain issues such as the role of coal, they clash in the socio-technical imaginaries they represent about India’s energy future. Indian energy policy has been characterised so far by top down, centralised policymaking. With this article, we highlight the societal choices that are inherent in discussions about transformations in India's electricity sector and call for further research on the socio-cultural dimensions of future energy pathways in India.
Obwohl viele der aktuellen Herausforderungen im Bereich der Energieversorgung eine internationale Dimension haben bzw. nur international gelöst werden können, ist die internationale Energiepolitik bis heute ein weitgehend ungesteuerter Politikbereich. Im letzten Jahrzehnt entwickelten sich zwar neue globale Kooperationsstrukturen und Initiativen, der Weg zu einer multilateralen, globalen Governance-Struktur, die zentrale Impulse für die gemeinsame Etablierung international geltender Normen und Regeln geben könnte, ist aber noch weit. Der Artikel führt in die aktuellen Entwicklungen ein und diskutiert die verbleibenden Herausforderungen.
Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) such as MARKAL/TIMES are used to support energy policy analysis worldwide. ESOMs cover the full life-cycle of fuels from extraction to end-use, including the associated direct emissions. Nevertheless, the life-cycle emissions of energy equipment and infrastructure are not modelled explicitly. This prevents analysis of questions relating to the relative importance of emissions associated with the build-up of infrastructure and other equipment required for decarbonization.
Jointly experimenting for transformation? : Shaping real-world laboratories by comparing them
(2018)
Real-world laboratories (RwLs, German Reallabore) belong to a family of increasingly popular experimental and transdisciplinary research approaches at the science-society interface. As these approaches in general, and RwLs in particular, often lack clear definitions of key characteristics and their operationalization, we make two contributions in this article. First, we identify five core characteristics of RwLs: contribution to transformation, experimental methods, transdisciplinary research mode, scalability and transferability of results, as well as scientific and societal learning and reflexivity. Second, we compare RwLs to similar research approaches according to the five characteristics. In this way, we provide an orientation on experimental and transdisciplinary research for societal transformations, and reveal the contributions of this type of research in supporting societal change. Our findings enable learning across the different approaches and highlight their complementarities, with a particular focus on RwLs.