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Achieving sustainability has become one of the fundamental goals of many urban transportation systems in the past two decades. The emerging concept of sustainability has developed enormous interests among researchers and practitioners to develop a sustainable transport system. While many have focused on developing an appropriate definition of a sustainable transport by measures and indicators of sustainability to assess if a transport system is moving towards or away from sustainability, many others have put forward different strategies to make a transport system sustainable. Defining sustainable transport and identifying indicators are important to make this concept more correct, focused, and measurable.
This study tries to measure and monitories urban transportation sustainability from viewpoint of anÿurban planner. The question comes out from the relation between urban transportation sustainability and usage of public transportation. How these two facts link to each other? Are there any logical relations between usage of public transportation and sustainable development? How we can define specific indicator for measuring sustainability of transportation or on the other words, how can we standardized indicator to measure and monitor the urban sustainable transportation?
For response, exceeding questions two cities are selected which have a similarity and differences in structure and data sets. Our approach is to draw upon a raft of suitable analytical techniques to find out the approach base for comparison of structure between different cities, and then to apply the examples to examine the degree to which specified policy targets might be met in the future. The analytical framework includes Descriptive statistics, correlation and Regression analysis, and application of sustainable transportation indicator for case studies distributions.
The techniques proposed to provide a starting point for that dialogue toward more appropriate policies and their monitoring. It can be concluded that the new approach of sustainable transportation indicator for measuring sustainability of transportation is highly correlated with selected variables, which indicates that the new indicator has meaningful applicability to be used as indicator for transportation certificate system. This methods can be used for measuring, monitoring, and evaluating the sustainability of urban transportation for different areas and used the results as a standardize indicator for transportation certificate system for comparing and ranking the transportation sustainability of different cities. In addition, the result of this study can be used as for monitoring and assessment of plan for (SUMP) Sustainable urban mobility planning.
In recent decades, better data and methods have become available for understanding the complex functioning of cities and their impacts on sustainability. This review synthesizes the recent developments in concepts and methods being used to measure the impacts of cities on environmental sustainability. It differentiates between a dominant trend in research literature that concentrates on the accounting and allocation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use to cities and a reemergence of studies that focus on the direct and indirect material and resource flows in cities. The methodological approaches reviewed may consider cities as either producers or consumers, and all recognize that urban environmental impacts can be local, regional, or global. As well as giving an overview of the methodological debates, we examine the implications of the different approaches for policy and the challenges these approaches face in their application on the field.
The European Waste Framework Directive has defined waste prevention as top of the waste hierarchy meaning nothing less than a fundamental change of the sociotechnical system of waste infrastructures with all its economic, legal, social and cultural elements. Based on an empirical analysis of more than 300 waste prevention measures this paper assesses which prevention effects can realistically be achieved by applying the measures described in the German waste prevention programme or in those of other EU member states. Taking into account waste streams like packaging, food waste, bulky waste and production waste the results show that waste generation is not an unavoidable evil but can be significantly reduced at current level of technology.
Ziel dieser Studie ist es, einen aktuellen Überblick über den Stand der Recyclingwirtschaft in Deutschland zu geben. Der Fokus liegt dabei vor allem auf den Marktprozessen, die bereits heute ökonomische Anreize zur Schließung von Stoffkreisläufen geben, bzw. auf spezifischen Hemmnissen, die genau solchen Entwicklungen im Wege stehen.
Aufbauend auf der Analyse spezifischer Hemmnisse für einzelne Abfallfraktionen (rechtliche und institutionelle Hemmnisse, Marktmacht, Informationsdefizite etc.) leitet die Studie verschiedene Instrumente und handlungsorientierte Ansätze ab, die zu einer Verbesserung der Kreislaufführung beitragen könnten; dabei kann Deutschland auch von bestehenden Best-Practice-Ansätzen im Ausland profitieren. Dazu gehören unter anderem der verstärkte Einsatz ökonomischer Instrumente, Maßnahmen zur verstärkten Integration von Abfallwirtschaft und Produktionssektor, Urban Mining Konzepte, internationale Vereinbarungen zum Rohstoffrecycling sowie Green Tech Funds.
Materialeffizienz
(2014)
The availability of life cycle inventories is one of the biggest challenges for life cycle wide environmental assessment. There are several life cycle assessment (LCA) databases providing inventory data as well as resource and emission profiles of processes for impact assessment methods like ReCiPe or IMPACT 2002+. But the use of these LCA databases for input oriented environmental assessment is very limited as they cover only a part of all relevant input flows. The paper describes current challenges when calculating the input oriented Material Input per Service Unit (MIPS) indicators based on LCA inventory data from the Ecoinvent database. Propositions are made how to address these challenges. As a conclusion, further need of research to reach a full compatibility of LCA databases and the MIPS concept is pointed out.
Als eine der energieintensivsten Branchen wird auch von der Stahlindustrie ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz erwartet. Da die bestehenden kohlebasierten Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung kaum noch Verbesserungspotential besitzen, kann langfristig nur über neue Verfahren ein großer CO2-Minderungseffekt erzielt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit bewertet drei innovative Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung im Vergleich zur etablierten Hochofenroute. Die vergleichende Bewertung schließt nicht nur technische und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte, sondern auch gesellschaftliche, sicherheitstechnische und ökologische Aspekte mit ein und soll so eine ganzheitliche Einschätzung der neuartigen Verfahren ermöglichen. Die untersuchten Verfahren sind die Hochofenroute in Kombination mit Kohlenstoffabscheidung und -speicherung (CCS), die Wasserstoff-Direktreduktion und die Eisenerzelektrolyse. Die ganzheitliche Bewertung der drei Verfahren zeigt eine kläre Präferenz für die Wasserstoff-Direktreduktion als Zukunftsverfahren am Standort Deutschland, knapp gefolgt von der Eisenerzelektrolyse. Unter Verwendung dieser innovativen Methode könnte auch langfristig Primärstahl zu wettbewerbsfähigen Konditionen am Standort Deutschland produziert werden. Spätestens ab 2050 werden politische Rahmenbedingungen, steigende Preise für fossile Energieträger und Rohstoffe, sowie ansteigende Kosten für CO2-Emissionen voraussichtlich dafür gesorgt haben, dass die konventionellen Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung unattraktiv werden. Wichtige Voraussetzungen für die rechtzeitige Einphasung der neuen Verfahren sind eine konsequente Umsetzung der Energiewende und international verbindliche Klimaschutzziele sowie damit korrespondierende Anreizmechanismen.
Crowdsourcing as a method of transdisciplinary research : tapping the full potential of participants
(2014)
Within the scope of citizen science projects, crowdsourcing has already expanded into scientific application areas. In this, its scientific potential is only partly exhausted, however.
It will be shown that transdisciplinary research is made up in content and structural aspects in such a way that crowdsourcing can fully unfold as a research method through varied participation possibilities, reflective processes and use of contemporary technical possibilities. Furthermore, mutual learning, understanding and the dissemination of knowledge strongly profits from effects that even result automatically in this context.
The scientific application of crowdsourcing represented here makes high demands on project management, but it is expected to turn out as an effective research method precisely in the area of transdisciplinary research.
The main objective of this article is to evaluate CO2 mitigation potential and to calculate costs avoided by the use of different CO2 mitigation technologies in China's cement sector, namely energy efficiency improvements, use of alternative fuels, clinker substitution and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Three scenarios are designed based on the projection of cement output and technology development over the next 40 years (2010–2050). 2.5, 4.7 and 4.3 Gt tonnes of CO2 will be saved totally in basic scenario and two low carbon scenarios up to 2050. By comparing these technologies along the scenarios, it can be concluded that CO2 emissions can mainly be reduced by energy efficiency improvements and use of alternative fuels. Clinker substitution, which reduces the clinker-to-cement ratio as well as energy intensity, results in significant cost advantages. CCS, including post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion capture, could play an important role in the capture of CO2 in the cement industry, and is expected to be in commercial use by 2030.
Ein attraktives Nahverkehrsangebot ist sozial- und umweltpolitisch unverzichtbar. Fehlende Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten der Kommunen gefährden den erforderlichen Ausbau des ÖPNVs. Eine Diskussion über Finanzierungsalternativen ist daher notwendig. Eine Möglichkeit dazu wäre, den Nahverkehr in Zukunft nach dem Vorbild des Rundfunkbeitrages für Haushalte durch eine allgemeine Umlage zu finanzieren - dem Bürgerticket.
Ausgehend von internationalen Klimaschutzzielen wird der ÖPNV in Zukunft eine tragende Rolle zur Sicherstellung der Mobilität spielen müssen. Investitionen in ein besseres ÖPNV-Angebot sind auf Grund leerer öffentlicher Kassen allerdings kaum absehbar. Darum wird eine Solidarfinanzierung für den ÖPNV vorgeschlagen: das Bürgerticket. Damit soll eine solide Finanzierungsbasis geschaffen werden. Zugleich könnte die verpflichtende Zahlung bei den Bürgern als ein zusätzlicher Anreiz zur ÖPNV Nutzung wirken.