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COP 10 vervollständigt CDM, bringt aber keine neue Bewegung in die internationale Klimapolitik
(2005)
Institutional theory scholars have been successful at explaining how organizations strive to attain a stable framework for their patterns of interaction, but have, until recently, struggled to account for institutional renewal. Institutional change happens when new practices become accepted and interactions between organizations carry new meanings. This historical study of the international climate change mitigation regime (1992 - 1997) provides insight into the dynamic processes that take place during the early stage of institutionalization. More specifically, the thesis examines the following issues: How do power differentials shift during institutional change? How do institutions operate in the environmental field? How can entrepreneurs influence their institutional setting? How do certain groups of organizations bring about or support particular sets of ideological frames? The empirical study analyses the policy innovation of the Clean Development Mechanism, proposed in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The thesis confirms that the proposed governance of climate-friendly technology transfer constitutes institutional change and the emergence of a proto-institution. It furthermore analyzes how the organizational actors brought about this innovation and how the change in meaning was introduced into the public sphere. The qualitative research methods that were employed include observation at climate negotiations, focus groups of climate policy professionals, semi-structured interviews of policy makers, and content analysis of archival data.
Wirtschaftlichkeit, Qualität und Ressourcenschutz in der Bauwirtschaft durch ganzheitliches Planen
(2005)
The German climate change programme (2000) identified the residential sector as one of the main sectors in which to achieve additional GHG reductions. Our case study compiles results of existing evaluations of the key policies and measures that were planned and introduced and carries out some own estimates of achievements. We show, which emission reductions and which instruments where planned and what was delivered until 2004.
Legal instruments such as the revised building code were introduced later than planned and their effects will - at least partly - fall behind expectations. Other legal instruments such as minimum energy performance standards for domestic appliances etc. were - in spite of the programme - not implemented yet.
On the other hand, substantial financial incentives were introduced. Especially schemes granting low-interest loans for building renovation were introduced. However tax subsidies for low-energy buildings were phased out.
In general we can conclude from our case study that Germany was not able to compensate for the slower or restricted implementation of legal instruments through the introduction of financial incentives. Particularly the efficient use of electricity has been left aside as almost no further policy action was taken since 2001.
Thus energy efficiency in the residential sector will not deliver the GHG reductions planned for in the German climate change programme until 2005. From our findings we draw conclusions and recommendations towards policy makers: Which lessons are to be learnt and what has to be done in order to fully harness EE potentials in residential sector as planned for 2010?
As many other countries, Germany misses to exploit most of its large potential for cost-effective energy efficiency improvements. An organisation collecting funds and allocating them to the most (cost-)effective programmes could be a solution.
Therefore, political parties and trade unions as well as environmental NGOs have called for the creation of such an Energy Efficiency Fund. A recent study by the Wuppertal Institute together with a number of partners, commissioned by the Hans Böckler Foundation, analysed the feasibility of such an institution.
It has been the objective of the project, completed in March 2005, to
identify the added value of an Energy Efficiency Fund,
develop concrete proposals for the institutional setting and the financing of an Energy Efficiency Fund in Germany,
prepare and assess the benefits and costs of a portfolio of innovative but realistic energy efficiency programmes and campaigns, which the Energy Efficiency Fund would implement,
identify the effects of the fundraising and the programmes on different industries, particularly on the suppliers of energy-efficient technologies and services, and on their growth and employment perspectives,
estimate the net employment effects of such an Energy Efficiency Fund and its activities.
This paper presents the results and assesses the usefulness of the project and the participatory elements for increasing the acceptance of such a policy instrument.
Addressing opportunities and challenges of a sectoral approach to the Clean Development Mechanism
(2005)
There is an extensive potential for GHG emission reductions in the new EU member states and the EU accession countries by improving energy efficiency, investing in renewable energy supply and other measures, part of which could be tapped by JI. However, the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and especially the recently adopted "Linking Directive" is probably going to have a significant impact on this JI potential. Especially two provisions are important:
The baseline of a project has to be based on the acquis communautaire, the environmental regulations of which are substantially higher than the Accession Countries' existing ones. Projects, which directly or indirectly reduce emissions from installations falling within the scope of the EU ETS, can only generate certificates if an equal number of EU allowances are cancelled. JI is thus put into direct competition with the EU ETS. In this paper we analyse the impact of these provisions first in theory and then country by country for six Central and East European countries that recently acceded the EU or are candidates for accession. As a result, we give an overview of the potential and the limitations of JI as an instrument for achieving emission reductions in the selected Accession Countries and provide important overview information to policy makers.
Der ökologische Fußabdruck
(2005)
Die gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für eine ökologische Wende der EU-Regionalpolitik sind scheinbar ungünstig. Dem Vorsorgeprinzip der Umweltpolitik liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass man auf bestimmte Tatsachen reagieren muss, weil sonst Schäden entstehen. Nach dem Soziologen Niklas Luhmann entspricht dies jedoch einer allzu einfachen Alltagsvorstellung. Der Ökonom Hans-Jochen Luhmann diagnostiziert hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmung von ökologisch relevanten Informationen eine regelrechte "Blindheit der Gesellschaft". Blockaden bei der Umsetzung von Umweltpolitik scheinen diese Befunde zu bestätigen. Der Planungswissenschaftler Arthur Benz meint in diesem Kontext, dass man bei der Durchsetzung von Planungskontrolle eben nicht mit dem freiwilligen Lernen der Akteure rechnen dürfe. Wie lässt sich unter diesen Bedingungen eine ökologische Wende der Europäischen Regionalpolitik umsetzen? Ist der Planungspessimismus, der sich in Deutschland nach einem Planungsoptimismus der 1970er Jahre durchgesetzt hat, gerechtfertigt? Welchen Wert können zielorientierte Instrumente wie etwa Indikatoren für die Umweltplanung in der Regionalpolitik noch haben? Vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher Differenzierung beleuchtet der Umweltwissenschaftler Philipp Schepelmann die Probleme, die bei der Anwendung von Umweltindikatoren in der regionalen Wirtschaftsförderung auftauchen. Für seine empirische Untersuchung im Ziel-2 Gebiet der EU-Strukturfonds in Nordrhein-Westfalen entwickelt er in Anlehnung an die soziologische Systemtheorie das Konzept der Resonanz. Resonanz bezeichnet die aktive Reaktion von sozialen Systemen auf Umweltprobleme als Voraussetzung für eine zielorientierte Umweltpolitik. Die Resonanz von Policy-Netzwerken gegenüber Umweltindikatoren kann nachgewiesen und verglichen werden. Am Beispiel der umweltpolitischen Indikatoren des Lissabon-Prozesses der Europäischen Union wird die regionale Resonanz von Indikatoren in verschiedenen Policy-Netzwerken untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Resonanzanalyse ist aus planerischer Sicht überraschend positiv: Es gibt nicht nur Blindheit und Untätigkeit gegenüber ökologischen Herausforderungen; differenzierte Policy-Netzwerke leiten in NRW erfolgreich eine ökologische Wende der EU-Regionalpolitik ein.