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Global climate
(2006)
Mobiltelefon, Laptop, digitale Photokamera, je kleiner, desto besser. Der über dreißig Jahre alte Buchtitel Small is Beautiful könnte auch der neueste Werbeslogan von Sony sein. Doch hinter der modernen Mini-Technologie versteckt sich immer noch der alte Industriegigantismus den Schumacher einst im Blick hatte.
Options and potentials for energy end-use efficiency and energy services : summary ; final report
(2006)
After considerable improvements of wastewater treatment, the loads of nutrients and plant protection agents, deriving from agriculture and heavy metals from urban drainages effluents as well as from erosion of agricultural soils are the main sources of nutrients and harmful substances in the loads of water bodies. The targets of the project were on the one hand the analysis of the political and legislative framework of both policy fields and on the other hand the evaluation of several, selected water protection measures with regard to their contribution to reduce water pollution, their economical effects as well as their political enforceability. The focus was laid on diffuse water pollution caused by agriculture. As main reasons for the diffuse water pollution stagnating at high level, the analysis of the political framework identified a lack of implementation discipline of water law, followed by the fragmented and insufficient water protection legislation itself and the previous design of the common agricultural policy slanted towards increasing productivity. For the future co-operation of agricultural and water authorities in implementation of their reforms and better definition of "Good Farming Practice" are recommended. The second investigation level focuses on the analysis and assessment of selected measures to reduce the input of nutrients and plant protection agents. This part was done with help of calculation models focussing on the specific cost/benefit ratios for water protection. In detail the following measures have been analysed: decoupling of direct payments, coupling of livestock farming to areas, tax on mineral nitrogen, pesticide levy, buffer stripes alongside of watercourses, all season crop cover on arable land, soil cultivation procedures, changing the use of arable land, optimisation of animal nutrition, optimisation of manure storage and application, co-operative agreements, education and training. Co-operations and water protection related education and training can be highly recommended, since they improve knowledge and freedom of action. As the results on county level show, the measure "Decoupling of direct payments" would not lead to appreciable changes as far as the nutrient surpluses on farmland is concerned. "Coupling livestock farming to areas" would decrease the surpluses substantially. For this measure and Tax on mineral nitrogen, varying adaptation reactions could be expected depending on the regional specialisation in cropping or livestock farming areas. On single farm level the measures, protein adapted feeding, optimisation of manure storage and application showed the best cost-efficiency to reduce nutrient surpluses. All season crop cover on arable land and conservation tillage are highly efficient, too, and should be included in farming practice. A stronger limitation of livestock density could mean a reduction of manure, but the implementation of this measure would lead to high losses of income for farmers specialised in animal production. For reduction of diffuse water pollution caused by urban drainage political approaches as well as detailed technical measures are examined. In the area of urban drainage storm water management (especially infiltration and constructed wetlands), unsealing of paved areas and small wastewater treatment structures (for phosphorus reduction) showed best cost-effectiveness.
Güterverkehr
(2006)
Das Forschungsvorhaben leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Verbesserung des nationalen Emissionsinventars. Im Bereich der Rohstoffemissionen konnten identifizierte Lücken aus der Nutzung von Kalkstein geschlossen werden. Sämtliche Einsätze von Kalkstein und Kalk in Wirtschaftszweigen, ihre Emissionsrelevanz sowie Berücksichtigung im deutschen Emissionsinventar wurden analysiert und für relevante Bilanzposten die Einsätze von Kalkstein und Kalk ermittelt. Neu in 2006 ins Inventar aufgenommene Bilanzposten wurden mit sämtlichen Detaildaten, die zur Neu-Implementierung des kompletten Zeitreihensatzes im Inventar erforderlich waren, zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Kalkstein- und Kalkbilanz für Deutschland wurde vollständig abgebildet. Die Emissionen für das Basisjahr 1990, die mit der Berichterstattung 2006 endgültig festgelegt worden sind, wurden um gut 3,5 Millionen Tonnen Kohlendioxid angepasst. Die Vollständigkeit des Inventars konnte damit erhöht werden.
Because of high efficiency, low environmental impacts and a potential role in transforming our energy system into a hydrogen economy, fuel cells are often considered as a key technology for a sustainable energy supply. However, the future framing conditions under which stationary fuel cells have to prove their technical and economic competitiveness are most likely characterised by a reduced demand for space heating, and a growing contribution of renewable energy sources to heat and electricity supply, which both directly limit the potential for combined heat and power generation, and thus also for fuelcells. Taking Germany as a case study, this paper explores the market potential of stationaryfuelcells under the structural changes of the energy demand and supply system required to achieve asustainable energy supply. Results indicate that among the scenarios analysed it is in particular a strategy oriented towards ambitious CO2-reduction targets, which due to its changes in the supply structure is in a position to mobilise a market potential that might be large enough for a successful fuel cell commercialisation. However, under the conditions of a business-as-usual trajectory the sales targets of fuel cell manufacturers cannot be met.
Grave concerns with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have increasingly surfaced in the international climate policy arena. The sectoral approaches described in this paper may be a way to address some of the shortcomings of this Kyoto mechanism. The paper outlines the criticisms that have been raised against the CDM as well as the conflicting interpretations of a sectoral approach and examines in how far it might resolve the mechanism’s perceived shortcomings. Furthermore, it outlines issues that need to be resolved when implementing a sectoral approach: distributing costs and benefits, defining the sector and its baseline, ensuring additionality and tackling procedural issues. A sectoral approach can enable countries to guide their structural development but it also opens up a gap between public and private investment that needs to be addressed before conflicts arise. Sectoral CDM activities may be able to lower transaction costs for projects that otherwise cannot compete in the CDM market and might even pave the way to sectoral greenhouse gas limitation targets in developing countries by establishing the necessary infrastructure for data collection. However, a sectoral CDM cannot be mistaken for a panacea. Some of the mechanism's problems remain, which highlights the need to establish additional instruments to support Southern countries in furthering sustainable development and embarking on a low-emission trajectory.
Mögliche Risiken für Unternehmen bei Direktinvestitionen in Ländern mit niedriger Umweltregulierung
(2006)
Das Forschungsvorhaben leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Verbesserung des nationalen Emissionsinventars. Ziel ist die lückenlose Erfassung des Einsatzes von Sekundärbrennstoffen in einzelnen Sektoren des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes und die Bereitstellung geeigneter Emissionsfaktoren zur Berechnung der Emissionen. Die dem UBA bislang nur teilweise vorliegenden Informationen zum Einsatz von Sekundärbrennstoffen in den Branchen Zementindustrie, Kalkindustrie, Stahlindustrie und Papierindustrie wurden in enger Kooperation mit den jeweiligen Wirtschaftsverbänden systematisch gesichtet, durch Schätzungen vervollständigt und in Form von Datenzeitreihen (von 1990 bis 2004) für die Inventardatenbank ZSE nutzbar gemacht. Ergänzt werden die nach Brennstoffkategorien differenzierten Massenströme um geeignete Emissionsfaktoren für Kohlendioxid und sog. Split-Faktoren, die den Anteil biogenen Kohlenstoffs am Gesamtgehalt angeben.