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- Energie-, Verkehrs- und Klimapolitik (127) (remove)
Kommunaler Klimaschutz
(2013)
Klimaschutz kommunal
(2013)
Soziale Tarife?
(2013)
Nachhaltige Energieversorgung spielt eine wichtige Rolle für den Klimaschutz. Dabei gehört die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz zu den zentralen Elementen einer Energiewende. Die vorliegende Fallstudie beschäftigt sich intensiv mit einem in der Policy Analyse bisher vernachlässigten Politikfeld: der Energieeffizienzpolitik.
In Deutschland wird viel Energie dazu gebraucht, um Gebäude zu heizen. Hier existieren große wirtschaftliche Effizienzpotentiale. Die EU sieht darin eine "Schlüsselrolle" und fordert von ihren Mitgliedstaaten mit der Richtlinie 2002/91/EG Rahmenbedingungen für energieeffizientere Gebäude. Mit Ansätzen der EU-Implementationsforschung und der Politikfeldanalyse untersucht die Arbeit den Implementationsprozess dieser Richtlinie zwischen 2003 und 2010 in Deutschland und beschreibt die formale und praktische Effektivität des Ergebnisses mithilfe neu entwickelter kontextspezifischer Kriterien. Eine detaillierte Prozess-Analyse identifiziert relevante Faktoren, die das politische Ergebnis beeinflusst haben.
Formal hat Deutschland die EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie größtenteils implementiert. Doch einige Anforderungen sind verspätet oder unbefriedigend praktisch implementiert worden. Eine wichtige Ursache der Verzögerung waren inhaltliche Differenzen zwischen den politischen Ressorts. An der öffentlichen Debatte beteiligten sich starke Befürworter beider Seiten, die den Prozess zusätzlich beeinflussten. Für den Vollzug der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) sind die Bundesländer zuständig; ihre Kontrolle der energetischen Mindeststandards bei Bestandsgebäuden ist jedoch nicht befriedigend. Es gibt kaum Daten zu der Frage, ob neu gebaute oder sanierte Gebäude den gesetzlichen Anforderungen entsprechen. Ursachen für den mangelhaften Vollzug liegen im Zielkonflikt zwischen ambitionierter Klimaschutzpolitik auf der einen und Bürokratieabbau auf der anderen Seite. Hier war der Bundesrat, der behördliche Stichproben ablehnte, entscheidender Akteur. Die Verzögerungen und die ineffektive praktische Implementation der Richtlinie in Deutschland waren Resultat politischer Auseinandersetzungen. Es gab also keine institutionellen oder administrativen Probleme bei der Implementation im engeren Sinne, wie sie Implementationsdefizite in anderen Fällen erklären.
Abschließend werden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, wie die Bundesregierung eine effektive Implementation der EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie gewährleisten (u. a. bessere formale Implementation des Energieausweises und der Heizungsinspektion sowie effektivere Durchsetzung der EnEV durch Stichprobenkontrollen) und erfolgreich gegen Widerstände von Interessengruppen durchsetzen kann (z. B. indem sie Pro-Effizienz-Interessenkoalitionen stärkt und neben dem Ordnungsrecht auch begleitende Instrumente weiterentwickelt, beispielsweise finanzielle Anreize sowie Information und Beratung, auch um mit dem gängigen Missverständnis aufzuräumen, die EnEV sei freiwillig).
Kosten des Klimawandels
(2013)
The Sino-German project "Low Carbon Future Cities" (LCFC) aims to develop a low carbon strategy for its Chinese pilot city Wuxi. The strategy primarily focuses on carbon mitigation, but also considers links with the issues of resource efficiency and adaption to climate change. This report written by Daniel Vallentin, Carmen Dienst and Chun Xia offers strategic examples of good practice and makes recommendations to Wuxi city government about the changes that key sectors can adopt in order to comply with its low carbon targets. The recommendations are based on scientific analyses which were undertaken earlier in the LCFC project.
Strategic policy packages to deliver energy efficiency in buildings : their international evidence
(2013)
The project "bigEE - Bridging the Information Gap on Energy Efficiency in Buildings" presents comprehensive information for energy efficiency in buildings and the related policy on the international internet-based knowledge platform bigee.net.
To develop the evidence-based information required for bigee.net, we addressed in a different and more systematic way than usual the question of how policy can support improved building energy efficiency most effectively: We combined (1) a theoretical, actor-centred analysis of market-inherent barriers and incentives for all actors in the supply and use chain of (energy-efficient) buildings to derive a recommended package combining the types of policies and measures the actors need to overcome all these barriers, with (2) empirical evidence on model examples of good practice policy packages to check if advanced countries have indeed used the combination of policies we derived from the actor-centred analysis.
In this way, we found that the recommendable policy package for new buildings is similar to the well-known one for appliances, but with the objective to mainstream nearly zero energy buildings. By contrast, the task for existing buildings is two-dimensional - increasing the depth of renovation first, to savings of 50 to 80%, and then the rate of energy-efficient renovation to 2% or more p.a. - and so the policy package needs more emphasis on individual advice, incentives, and financing. The paper presents the recommended packages as well as a comparison of existing national policy packages from California (USA), China, Denmark, Germany, and Tunisia and what we learned from it for effective packages and implementation.
What makes a good policy? : Guidance for assessing and implementing energy efficiency policies
(2013)
Which factors are crucial to successfully design and implement a "good practice" policy to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and appliances? This is one of the main challenges for the new web platform bigee.net that provides guidance on good practice policies.
In this paper we examine the question what "good practice" is by presenting a multi-criteria assessment scheme to analyse different policies worldwide.
The assessment scheme contains a set of criteria addressing key factors leading to the success of a policy as well as its outcomes: a good policy addresses all market players and barriers, avoids lost opportunities and lock-in effects, has ambitious and regularly updated energy efficiency levels, and spill-over effects. Other criteria are high energy savings and the calculated cost-effectiveness.
The assessment scheme provides a standardised data collection approach, which paves the way for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Furthermore, it can help policy-makers to transfer a successful policy.
The development of the scheme is based on a literature review of worldwide implemented policies and measures that promote energy-efficiency of buildings and appliances. Criteria were operationalized, including a ranking between 0 and 10. The ranking is a decisive factor whether the policy qualifies as good practice. To demonstrate the practicability of this scheme, the paper analyses a good practice example according to the assessment scheme: Energy-Efficient Refurbishment and Energy Efficient Construction programmes of the German public bank KfW.
The European electricity market is linked to a carbon market with a fixed cap that limits greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, a number of energy efficiency policy instruments in the EU aim at reducing the electricity consumption. This article explores the interactions between the EU's carbon market on the one hand and instruments specifically targeted towards energy end-use efficiency on the other hand. Our theoretical analysis shows how electricity demand reduction triggered by energy efficiency policy instruments affects the emission trading scheme. Without adjustments of the fixed cap, decreasing electricity demand (relative to business-as-usual) reduces the carbon price without reducing total emissions. With lower carbon prices, costly low emission processes will be substituted by cheaper high emitting processes. Possible electricity and carbon price effects of electricity demand reduction scenarios under various carbon caps are quantified with a long-term electricity market simulation model. The results show that electricity efficiency policies allow for a significant reduction of the carbon cap. Compared to the 2005 emission level, 30% emission reductions can be achieved by 2020 within the emission trading scheme with similar or even lower costs for the industrial sector than were expected when the cap was initially set for a 21% emission reduction.
The Durban Climate Conference agreed on the creation of a new market-based mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and to consider the establishment of an overall framework for various mitigation approaches, including opportunities for using markets ("Framework"). The creation of such a Framework is therefore of high political significance, as it should ensure on the one hand that new market-based mechanisms contribute to global climate change mitigation and to achievement of targets, and on the other hand, that different market-based approaches can be integrated in a global carbon market. As yet, there is little clarity as to the roles and design of such a framework. This paper contributes to the debate by discussing and evaluating inter alia several design options, and explores how the various options could be implemented and how they interrelate. It concludes that a strong central oversight at the level of the UNFCCC is probably the only option that could reassure the vast majority of UNFCCC Parties that the environmental integrity of new market-based mechanisms is in fact ensured. This does, however, not exclude that some reasonable balance may be struck between centralization and flexibility.
Industrialized countries have committed to providing "new and additional" funding to developing countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, lack of a common definition of "new and additional" undermines the climate process. This article aims to contribute to the discussion on the principle of additionality by assessing possible definitions. The article first contextualizes the guiding principles that led to the endorsement of "new and additional" finance within the history of international climate negotiations. Second, we survey definitions of "new and additional" put forward by industrialized countries as well as further proposed definitions put forward by scholars. Third, we assess the respective strengths and weaknesses of these definitions.
Our analysis shows that there is no singular formula that would resolve the problem of how to define additionality. Definitions that would be politically acceptable to developed countries are subject to gaming while definitions that are technically robust are politically difficult. We conclude that a combination of using innovative sources and defining specific future levels of development assistance ex ante may offer the best prospects for resolving the climate finance conundrum.
Apart from the much-debated question of what legal form the 2015 climate agreement is supposed to have, another core issue is the substantive content of countries' commitments. While the climate regime has so far mostly been based on emission targets, literature has identified a broad range of other possible types of mitigation commitments, such as technology targets, emission price commitments, or commitments to specific policies and measures (PAMs). The nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) submitted by developing countries under the Cancún Agreements also show a broad range of different forms of participation. This article surveys the possible commitment types that have so far been discussed in literature and in the UNFCCC negotiations and assesses their respective advantages and disadvantages against a set of criteria: environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, distributional aspects and institutional feasibility. The article finds that no commitment option provides a silver bullet. All options have several advantages but also disadvantages. The environmentally most effective way forward may lie in pursuing a multi-dimensional approach, combining emission targets with other commitment types to compensate for the drawbacks of the emission-based approach. However, such an approach would also increase complexity, both in terms of the negotiations and in terms of implementation and administration.
As part of the discussion on a new international climate agreement, which is supposed to be concluded by 2015, the European Commission conducted a stakeholder consultation, to which the Wuppertal Institute contributed. The Wuppertal Institute suggests that Parties should revisit the widely shared assumption that there is a trade-off between climate protection and economic well-being. The problem is not so much the macro-economic outlook. The problem is that climate policy causes substantial distributional impacts and thus naturally leads to resistance. The Wuppertal Institute recommends to reconsider the political wisdom of the quantity-based approach that climate policy has so far been based on. As long as emissions are seen as inextricably linked to economic well-being, framing commitments in terms of emission reductions directly triggers the perspective of seeing climate protection as an economic loss. Commitments should ideally be multi-dimensional. Possible types of commitments to consider may include scaling up certain climate-friendly technologies, improving energy efficiency, limiting fossil fuel use and fossil fuel extraction, or emission price commitments. The strongest mobilisation of political support might perhaps be achieved by framing commitments as a joint international undertaking to provide universal access to sustainable energy services by a specific date.
Global climate
(2013)
This report lays out the major developments in Durban and assesses the main outcomes. It is structured along the Bali roadmap for a future climate agreement that was agreed at the Bali climate conference in 2007. The Bali roadmap comprises negotiations under two tracks. First, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments by Annex I Countries under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), established at the conference in Montreal in 2005, has been negotiating future emission targets for developed countries (listed in Annex I of the United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and hence called Annex I countries). As the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period expires in 2012, the AWG-KP is to agree on new targets for a second commitment period post-2012 as well as associated rules for accounting emissions. Second, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) has also been negotiating commitments for Annex I countries, intending to cover those that have not ratified the Protocol - that is, the USA. In addition, the LCA negotiates "Nationally appropriate mitigation actions" of developing countries, which are to be supported by Annex I countries with technology, financing and capacity-building. Both the actions and the support are to be "measurable, reportable and verifiable". The LCA also negotiates how such support for developing countries' mitigation actions may be delivered as well as how developing countries may be supported in adapting to the impacts of climate change.
Global climate
(2013)
The eighteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 18) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the ninth Conference of Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 8) came to a close in the evening of 8 December 2012. This report lays out the main developments in Doha and assesses the main outcomes. The first chapter outlines the overall situation coming into Doha. The subsequent chapters cover the negotiations on the future of the Kyoto Protocol, the discussions under the Durban Platform on developing a new comprehensive climate agreement by 2015 and increasing short-term ambition, and further near-term action under the UNFCCC.
This report analyses the international climate negotiations at the UN climate conference in Warsaw in November 2013. The report covers the discussions under the Durban Platform on developing a new comprehensive climate agreement by 2015 and increasing short-term ambition as well as the issues relating to near-term implementation of previous decisions in the areas of emission reductions and transparency, adaptation, loss and damage, finance and technology. The report concludes that Warsaw once again starkly highlighted the sharp divisions and lack of trust among countries. Industrialised countries' collective lack of leadership strongly contributed to re-opening the traditional North-South divide. As a result, on many issues the outcomes hardly go beyond the lowest common denominator. The conference only agreed on the bare minimum to move the 2015 process forward and also made no headway in strengthening short-term ambition. Some progress was made with the establishment of the "Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts" and the completion of the rules for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. However, here as well further substance, in particular financial support from industrialised countries, is required to actually fill these mechanisms with meaning. If countries want to escape from groundhog day, they will have to start seeing and utilizing the UN climate process rather differently.
Time for pilots : discussions on new market-based mechanisms show little movement of positions
(2013)
Die Suche nach einem Ausweg aus den festgefahrenen Klima- verhandlungen ist derzeit eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der internationalen Politik. Franz Josef Radermacher (2013) versucht, so einen Weg aus dem Politikstau aufzuzeigen: In verstärktem Ausmaß sollten Privatakteure eingebunden werden und Klimaschutzmaßnahmen finanzieren, weil die internationale Staatengemeinschaft bisher daran gescheitert sei, ein Folgeabkommen für das Kyoto-Protokoll abzuschließen. Von der Staatengemeinschaft verlangt Radermacher nur noch, überhaupt irgendein Abkommen zuwege zu bringen, das die globalen Emissionen zumindest einigermaßen deckelt. Weitere Emissionsreduktionen, die "Verhandlungslücke", sollen Unternehmen und Privatpersonen übernehmen, indem sie freiwillig Emissionszertifikate im Umfang von mehreren hundert Milliarden Tonnen CO2 kaufen und stilllegen. Darüber hinaus sollen weitere 150 Milliarden Tonnen CO2 über Aufforstungsprojekte aus der Atmosphäre herausgeholt werden (Sequestrierung).
Many European city governments have voluntarily committed to ambitious CO2-emission reduction targets until 2020 and 2050. Supported by dedicated structures and networks (e.g. Covenant of Mayors), local governments have already developed, or are currently developing, ambitious climate action plans, all pursuing the aim of radical CO2-emission reduction in the long term.
Though, the development of climate action plans is only a first step, as the actual crucial and more challenging part its implementation. Besides financial investments also additional capacities, improved institutional structures and innovative strategies are necessary to successfully implement ambitious policies within existing national and regional framework conditions. There is often more competition than co-operation between cities. However, exchanging on common challenges in order to find new solutions provides potential for innovative ideas and new views on own structures. In particular, methods and formats for self-assessment and mutual learning can support cities' stakeholders to overcome their implementation gap in local energy and climate policies.
This paper will present results from the first phase of the three year project "CASCADE", which was initiated by 19 European cities in co-operation with EUROCITIES. Within the project, implementation challenges are being addressed in an intensive process of self-assessment and mutual learning. The methodological "backbone" of this process is a qualitative benchmarking framework in the thematic fields of "Renewable energy sources and distributed energy generation", "Energy efficient buildings and districts" and “Energy in urban transport”. Up to a certain degree, existing local climate policy benchmarks provide a common exchange platform, but mainly for the comparison between cities. The CASCADE benchmarking framework goes beyond competitive comparisons. As a qualitative criteria-based assessment procedure it identifies key challenges and factors for a successful implementation of established local climate policy plans. These factors have been developed from a qualitative survey including interviews and workshops with representatives of the participating cities.
Six cities serve as examples. Self-assessment reports were provided based on the CASCADE benchmarking framework focussing on the implementation status of their local climate policies. These reports were reevaluated by four or five project partners from different cities in a desk-review process. During subsequent four-days peer learning visits, the CASCADE benchmarking framework was used again as a tool for an in-depth assessment of the local climate and energy action plans and the local activities towards implementation of these strategic documents. Finally, the visitors drafted a feedback report with recommendations and improvements for the hosts.
The paper describes the methodology of the CASCADE benchmarking framework for integrated learning, its applicability for peer learning processes, as well as first experiences and results from the peer learning visits.
In recent years, policies to promote renewable energy have become increasingly popular among municipalities in different parts of the world. This article examines the case of Germany. It argues that municipalities, compared to other state and private actors, already have the potential to play a key role in German renewable energy governance. Although both private actors and the European Union have gained importance in the past 20 years, German municipalities still play a crucial role and can apply five distinct and important modes of governance in the field of renewable energy policy. In this regard, the notion of a general development towards a "cooperating and ensuring state", which increasingly delegates its tasks and thus becomes less important, cannot be confirmed in the field of municipal renewable energy governance in Germany.
Sei clever! : Spare Energie
(2013)
The role of cities in mitigating GHG emissions and thus tackling global warming has gained importance over the last years.Many cities have developed climate action plans, primarily to achieve long-term "low-carbon" mitigation goals set by national governments or (inter)national agreements. A mere adoption of high level targets, however, raises the question whether these targets are applicable for cities with very different framework conditions.
We argue that it is crucial to understand the socio-economic, geophysical, spatial, infrastructural and political framework of a city - a broad approach, which is generally missing in climate action plans. Thus, determining drivers and barriers for future development paths is neglected by local policies, which leads to a gap between ambition (target) and reality (implementation).
We exemplarily examine this hypothesis for the shrinking city of Oberhausen (Germany). Oberhausen, located in the Ruhr area,is a typical old industrial region, which has seen a decline of its industrial basis over the last decades. We analysed historical data and developed scenarios until 2030. Both show a significant decrease in CO2 emissions. A closer look, however, reveals that the reduction is primarily due to the economic transformation (less manufacturing, more service industry, accompanied by a decrease in population) and general energy efficiency developments following the implementation of national and EU policies. Although the city has implemented–and will further implement - many instruments and policies to reduce CO2 emissions, local barriers such as unemployment, low rents, low income, high per capita debts, etc. dramatically reduce the city's capacity for action.
The results show that Oberhausen's emission reductions do not reflect active energy policies but are mainly driven by an economic decline. To reach ambitious reduction targets, however, the city needs to be enabled to take action in achieving appropriate and reasonable targets.
Conventional new buildings in OECD countries with a history of building codes save about 50 % of energy compared to average buildings in the building stock. This improvement, however, is not enough to create a building standard with low lifetime costs nor to reach long-term climate protection targets. Much higher energy savings can already be achieved through proven high-efficiency building concepts bringing net economic benefits among other advantages.
A strategic approach to integrated building design is the key to achieving these high-energy savings at low or no extra cost in residential buildings. In our paper we describe the "Easy Efficiency Approach", which can reduce primary energy consumption by 40 to 60 % compared to conventional new building standards, or by 70% to 80% when compared to the primary energy consumption of the existing building stock, and should be regarded as the minimum. This strategy focuses on low-cost options, mainly passive options. Although it can already significantly reduce energy consumption, this first step will not be sufficient to reach long-term climate protection goals. It is thus necessary to implement and support what we call an "Advanced Efficiency Approach", with savings up to 90% , as compared to new building standards, as soon as possible to avoid lock-in effects. Further improvements, especially through the active use of renewable energies, reduce the net primary energy demand to 0 % and beyond.
According to the chosen strategy clearly defined energy performance ranges, with reference to possible savings, for different climate zones worldwide are given. In verifying this approach simulations with BAT (Best Available Technologies) buildings of different types (single family, multi family, high rise) were carried out in close cooperation with project partners. This data has also been verified through an empirical database of built examples both for energy consumption as well their economic soundness.
Der Emissionshandel
(2013)
Die Entscheidung für ein von volatilen Erzeugungsquellen dominiertes Stromsystem stellt an die Stabilisierung des Systems neue Anforderungen. Zugleich bieten sich neue Optionen. Die bisherige Asymmetrie, nach der für die Stabilisierung die Kraftwerksseite verantwortlich sei, ist überkommene Praxis, deswegen auch heute habituell naheliegend, aber vermutlich nicht länger effizient. Die im Titel genannten nachfrageseitigen Ausgleichsoptionen (SE & DSM) bieten sich an. Im Beitrag wird deren Potential abgeschätzt. In vier Gestaltungsfeldern wird zudem gefragt, ob die bislang von der Politik gegebenen rechtlichen Mandate konsequent SE & DSM als Option berücksichtigen. Das Ergebnis ist viermal (weitgehende) Fehlanzeige.
There's no decarbonisation without energy efficiency : but take care of the "rebound effects"
(2013)
Haben Sie auch eine saftige Nachzahlung für Strom- und Heizkosten leisten müssen? Energie wird teurer - das tut besonders denen weh, die sowieso schon jeden Euro zweimal umdrehen müssen. Sollen wir deshalb doch wieder auf (vermeintlich billigen) Atomstrom setzen? Dass es jenseits platter Polemik auch anders geht, zeigt Michael Kopatz. Er stellt Maßnahmen vor, mit denen sich die Energiewende fair und sozial verträglich realisieren lässt. Dreh- und Angelpunkt ist ein nationales Aktionsprogramm gegen Energiearmut. Es beinhaltet unter anderem die Vermeidung von Stromsperren, sozial ausgerichtete Sanierungsprogramme für Gebäude und professionelle Energieberatungen im Haushalt. Nur wenn die Energiewende fair ist und in der Bevölkerung akzeptiert wird, kann sie gelingen.
Shifting baselines : the interdependency of local and national policies to reduce GHG emissions
(2013)
Climate change and thus low-carbon transitions are global challenges, which require commitment and effort on all political levels. As international climate politics has approached its limits over the last two decades, the role of cities has simultaneously gained in importance. Many cities1 worldwide have committed to ambitious climate protection targets, which often exceed national targets. However, cities cannot act in isolation. Their opportunities for action are embedded in an (inter)national policy framework, which may either support or hinder local actions. This gives rise to the question: which opportunities for climate protection do cities really have in a political system of multi-level governance?
This question can be illustrated using the city of Hamburg as an example for the German climate policy regime. The city aims to reduce its annual CO2 emissions by 2 million metric tons and attempts to quantify the impact of local and national policies and actions using a bottom-up monitoring approach. We therefore analyse more than 400 local actions with respect to the induced CO2 emission reductions. We also take a closer look at national and European policies and their impacts on local energy use and emissions. In total, 15 policies and instruments - broadly ranging from instruments to foster energy efficiencyin residential and non-residential buildings, in appliances and in the transport sector, to support renewable energy sources (including biofuels) and to uptake CHP - are considered.
Our approach consists in measuring separately the impact of local and national policies and actions on urban CO2 emissions. While the city of Hamburg has implemented many policies and actions, our results show that, a significant proportion of its CO2 reduction is due to national policies, in the context of the German "Energiewende", which cannot or can only indirectly be influenced by the city. The results imply that local commitment and effort is essential in addressing the global challenge, yet ambitious targets can only be met in the presence of a supportive national policy framework. The analysis shows that many policies and measures implemented at national level require supportive structures and activities at local level in order to bridge information and implementation gaps of these measures.
Mobil ohne Auto
(2013)
Mit dem Klimawandel leben
(2013)
Mit Dienstleistungen zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz und zum Energiesparen Geld zu verdienen, ist oft nicht einfach. Die Produkt- und Geschäftsfeldentwicklung ist spannend - aber auch extrem fordernd. Das im Rahmen des Programms "Intelligent Energy Europe" von der Europäischen Kommission geförderte Projekt Change Best hat in den Jahren 2009 bis 2012 insgesamt 38 Unternehmen aus 16 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten dabei unterstützt, mögliche Schwierigkeiten bei der Entwicklung und Markteinführung neuer Energieeffizienzdienstleistungen zu bewältigen.
ESCOs for residential buildings : market situation in the European Union and policy recommendations
(2013)
Pumpspeicherkraftwerke sind technisch gut für ein Angebot auf Regelenergiemärkten geeignet. Die Vorhaltung von Regelleistung schränkt jedoch die Handlungsspielräume des Speicherbetreibers auf dem regulären Spotmarkt ein. Bisherige Berechnungsmethoden erlaubten es dem Speicherbetreiber nicht, Strategien für einen zweiten Markt zu entwickeln. Die Opportunitätskosten der eingeschränkten Angebotsflexibilität auf dem Spotmarkt bestimmen deswegen die Kapazitätskosten für Gebote auf Reservemärkten, woraus sich Konsequenzen für einen optimierten Speicherbetrieb ergeben.
The transport sector is the second largest and one of the fastest growing energy end-use sectors, representing 24% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. The International Energy Agency has developed scenarios for the transport sector within the overall concept of mitigation pathways that would be required to limit global warming to 2 °C. This paper builds on these scenarios and illustrates various passenger travel-related strategies for achieving a 2° transport scenario, in particular looking at how much technology improvement is needed in the light of different changes in travel and modal shares in OECD and non-OECD countries. It finds that an integrated approach using all feasible policy options is likely to deliver the required emission reductions at least cost, and that stronger travel-related measures result in significantly lower technological requirements.
This report provides an overview of current activities regarding climate change mitigation in six emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. We cover the institutional set up, measurement, reporting and verification systems for greenhouse gases and mitigation policies and measures. The analysis also addresses existing barriers to mitigation and considers where the international community could provide support to remove these.
This book provides a guide for transport policymakers and planners on achieving low-carbon land transport systems and describes possible measures for reducing emissions. Based on wide ranging research, case studies from developed and developing countries and an overview of policy scenarios, the book presents a toolbox for decision-makers with a huge variety of measures which can be tailored to their specific circumstances. It also addresses the question of how policies can be bundled successfully and integrated in urban transport decision-making and planning. Practical information is given on how greenhouse gas savings are measured as well as success factors for implementing policies and measures in complex decision-making processes.
Unfair und trickreich : wie Stromkonzerne mit großer Marktmacht Rekommunalisierungen behindern
(2013)
Die vorliegende Kurzstudie macht deutlich, dass die großen überregionalen Stromkonzerne und ihre regionalen Töchter den kommunalen Bemühungen zur Stromnetzübernahme mit einem ganzen Bündel an Methoden bzw. Strategien begegnen. Sie haben ein hohes Interesse im Sinne einer Besitzstandswahrung, einmal erworbene Konzessionen auch zukünftig behalten zu können.
Gerade jüngere Gesetzesinitiativen und eine Vielzahl von Praxisbeispielen machen deutlich, dass die Konzerne dabei auch vorhandene Lücken im gesetzlichen Regelwerk zu ihren Gunsten nutzen, um Mitbewerber aus dem Feld zu schlagen, und Rekommunalisierungsabsichten der Gemeinden zu erschweren oder zu verhindern. Dazu kommen Maßnahmen, die geeignet sind, politische Entscheidungsträger zu vereinnahmen oder ihre Entscheidungen zu ihren Gunsten zu beeinflussen. In beschriebenen Einzelfällen scheint die Rechtmäßigkeit des Vorgehens sogar zweifelhaft. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Erfahrungswerte bietet sich ein Bild einer ungleichen Wettbewerbssituation. Die Strategien überregionaler Energieversorgungsunternehmen zur Besitzstandswahrung auf der Verteilnetzebene entfalten auf diese Weise eine strukturkonservierende Wirkung.
Die im Rahmen dieser Kurzstudie gemachten Recherchen können kein vollständiges Bild aller Strategien abbilden. Es wird aber deutlich, dass die Konzessionen ein hart umkämpftes Gut sind und dass hier von den Altkonzessionären eine Vielzahl von Mitteln eingesetzt wird, um Rekommunalisierungen und neue Konzessionäre zu verhindern. Das veranschaulichen die dargestellten Einzelbeispiele.
Strategien zur Vermeidung des Konzessionsverlustes sind wissenschaftlich bisher kaum untersucht. Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung sammelt vor diesem Hintergrund Fallbeispiele für die Vergabe an Konzessionen an etablierte Konzessionäre und dokumentierte Formen (Gegenstrategien) für erfolgreiche alternative Konzessionsstrategien. Sie ist ein Baustein in der Forschung des Wuppertal Instituts zum besseren Verständnis politischer Akteursstrategien im Bereich der Energiemärkte. Eine systematische Auswertung kann nur in einer umfangreicheren Studie durchgeführt werden.
Deutlich wird, dass es neben einer guten Vorbereitung auf kommunaler Ebene auch zahlreicher Gesetzesinitiativen auf Bundesebene bedarf, um den Konzessionswettbewerb fair ausgestalten zu können. Der vorliegende Bericht beinhaltet daher neben Empfehlungen für Kommunen sowie Erfolgsbeispielen und -faktoren von Netzübernahmen auch Vorschläge für den gesetzgeberischen Handlungsbedarf auf Bundesebene.
Die Energielandschaft in Deutschland ist derzeit von einer Stadtwerke-Gründungswelle gekennzeichnet, insgesamt gab es in den letzten Jahren rund 70 Neugründungen von Stadt- und Gemeindewerken im Strombereich, davon allein 14 in Nordrhein-Westfalen. In einer Studie des Wuppertal Instituts wurde nun festgestellt, dass die wichtigsten Ziele, die mit Rekommunalisierungen verbunden werden, auch erreichbar sind.
Durch einen deutlichen Anstieg der getrennten Erfassung und Verwertung sowie durch Abfallvermeidung und effizientere Methoden zur Abfallbehandlung und -beseitigung konnten bislang etwa 28 Mio. t CO2 reduziert werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, welche Handlungspotenziale und -strategien die kommunale Abfallwirtschaft hat, um aufbauend auf den bisherigen Erfolgen einen weiteren Beitrag zur Energiewende in Deutschland zu leisten. Außerdem wird gezeigt, welche Synergien und Kooperationsmöglichkeiten mit anderen kommunalen Spartenunternehmen bestehen, um abfall- und energiebedingte CO2-Emissionen zu vermeiden.
Refrigerators and freezers (subsumed under the term "cold appliances") are among the most widely used electrical appliances in the residential sector all around the world. Currently, about 1.4 billion domestic cold appliances worldwide use about 650 TWh electricity, which is 1.2 times Germany’s total electricity consumption, and cause CO2 emissions of 450 million tons of CO2eq.
Although the specific electricity consumption per volume of cold appliances has decreased during recent years due to technical progress and policy instruments like labelling and eco-design requirements, total worldwide energy consumption of these appliances is on the increase. Scenario calculations were carried out for 10 world regions by the Wuppertal Institute. Results show that about half of the energy consumption could be saved with the most energy-efficient appliances available today, and even higher savings will be possible with next generation technologies by 2030. According to the analysis, these savings are usually very cost-effective.
All these aspects are part of the new website "bigEE.net - Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings" which aims to provide information about technical options but also about policies to support the development of energy-efficient appliances.
To initiate and foster market transformation of energy-efficient appliances it is highly advisable for policymakers to generate appliances-specific policy packages. Since each regional market has its specificity (e.g. energy prices, typical appliance affecting the cost effectiveness of efficient appliances), the barriers for the market transformation of single product groups are also specific and need to be addressed by appropriate policies and measures. Elements of measures to build appropriate specific policy packages for refrigerators will be presented in the paper, and the refrigerator package from California (USA) demonstrates the successful implementation of a sector-specific package.
Als Grundlage für die Praxishilfe "Klimaschutz in der räumlichen Planung" wurde im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes eine Reihe von Konzepten, Plänen und Programmen auf teil- bzw. gesamtstädtischer, regionaler und Landesebene untersucht, die für die Integration des Klimaschutz in die räumliche Planung beispielhaft sind. Es handelt sich im Schwerpunkt um formelle Instrumente (Bebauungs- und Flächennutzungspläne, Regionalpläne, Landesentwicklungspläne). Komplementär wurden auch informelle Instrumente untersucht, die die fachliche Grundlage für eine integrierte und effektive Bearbeitung des Klimaschutzes in der förmlichen Raumplanung darstellen (v.a. Energieversorgungs- und Klimaschutzkonzepte).
Emscher 3.0 : from grey to blue - or, how the blue sky over the Ruhr region fell into the Emscher
(2013)
The river Emscher is - similar to the river Ruhr - the symbol of one of the internationally most renowned industrial regions: the Ruhr area with its 5 million inhabitants and an important location of key industries such as steel, chemical and materials industry. The revitalisation of the Emscher over the last 20 years marks a new phase in the region's history and is an impressive example of ecological and socio-economic transformation affecting all aspects of life along the river. What can we learn from the Emscher conversion for upcoming tasks in other infrastructure fields?