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Von Rio bis Den Haag
(2001)
During the UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992 unsustainable consumption and production patterns were identified as one of the key driving forces behind the unsustainable development of the world (Agenda 21, chapter 4). These consumption and production patterns are based on the European model of industrialisation, spread around the globe in the age of colonisation and brought to extremes by the upper-class of industrialised societies, in particular in the United States, but also in a number of countries in the South. Therefore, all states of the world share the task of developing sustainable consumption and production patterns, while particular responsibility rests with the industrialised nations of Europe, North America and Japan. They, and the thriving but small rich elite in the transition countries and in the South, form a global consumer society, with shared products, lifestyles and aspirations. As it is essential to support the transition towards sustainable development by providing the proper information in an operational manner, the UNCED conference has called for the development of suitable means of information, and in particular for the development of sustainability indicators applicable throughout the world (Agenda 21, chapter 40). The UNDESA set of indicators for changing consumption and production patterns offers helpful advice in this regard but still lacks the theoretical underpinning needed to consistently complete it by defining the few still missing indicators. This paper undertakes to suggest such a methodology based on the environmental space concept. It derives a set of science based indicators from this approach which are easily applicable in everyday life and analyses the environmental relevance of the consumption clusters chosen for analysis as well as the relevance of the phenomena characterised by the indicators suggested. As households are just one actor in the field of consumption, a qualitative assessment of influences is performed and the result depicting the key actors for each environmentally relevant consumption cluster is presented as an actor matrix.
Das Zauberwort der Ökoeffizienz hat längst die Chefetagen der Wirtschaft erreicht und immer mehr Unternehmen sehen in der Aufgabe, aktiven Klimaschutz zu betreiben, eine Chance für neue Geschäftsfelder. Mit der Ausschreibung des Wuppertaler Energie- und Umweltpreises suchte das Wuppertal Institut umsetzbare Ideen aus dem Umwelt- und Energiebereich, die den Ressourcen- und Energieverbrauch deutlich reduzieren und so maßgeblich zur Verbesserung der Ökoeffizienz beitragen. Dieses Buch von Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker und Peter Hennicke (Herausgeber) stellt zwanzig Projekte vor, die von der Jury des Wettbewerbs prämiert oder belobigt wurden.
Umweltethik, politisch
(2001)
The contribution of natural resources and ecosystems to economic processes still remains under-assessed by market evaluation and productivity analysis. Following the historical lines of the classical productivity debate ranging from the French Physiocrats to early neoclassical growth theories, the productivity concept underwent a gradual transformation from its previous understanding based on natural resources and other environmental factors to its contemporary narrow notion. This paper claims that the course of the classical debate has shaped the scope of predominant contemporary analysis. Except for some very recent findings, multifactor productivity largely focusses on a two-factor model. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) provides a useful step for widening the measurement and notion of productivity.