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Kunststoffabfälle, die nach dem Gebrauch von Kunststoffprodukten anfallen, werden in Deutschland noch immer überwiegend energetisch verwertet. Hemmnisse für eine werkstoffliche Verwertung sind zum Beispiel Zusatzstoffe, die die Recyclingfähigkeit einschränken, die zunehmende Verwendung von Verbunden, die gemischte Sammlung und die mangelnde Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ziel dieses Projektes ist, für die nach dem Gebrauch im Gewerbe und bei Haushalten anfallenden Kunststoffabfälle und ggf. weitere Wertstoffe die Frage zu beantworten, ob und unter welchen Randbedingungen diese dem Restabfall oder derzeit energetisch genutzten Fraktionen entzogen und so die werkstoffliche Verwertung gesteigert werden kann. Das Projekt entwickelt einen integrierten Policymix, der sowohl beim Angebot, der Nachfrage als auch den Marktbedingungen für den Einsatz von Sekundärkunststoffen ansetzt.
Treating waste as a resource and the design of a circular economy have been identified as key approaches for resource efficiency. Despite ambitious targets, policies and instruments that would enable a transition from a conventional waste management to an integrated and comprehensive resource management are still missing. Moreover, this will require innovative policy mixes which do not only address different end-of-pipe approaches but integrate various resource efficiency aspects from product design to patterns of production and consumption. Based on the results of a project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development named "POLFREE - Policy Options for a resource efficient economy", this paper addresses several aspects of the conceptualization of policy mixes with regard to waste as a specific resource efficiency challenge. The guiding research interest of this paper is the combination of policies necessary to create a full circular economy. In a first step, the present waste policy frameworks, institutions and existing incentives at national level are examined in order to disclose regulatory and policy gaps. Based on this, the second part of the paper describes and analyses specific waste-related resource efficiency instruments with regard to their potential impacts under the constraints of various barriers. Based on the assessment of the country analyses and the innovative instruments, the paper draws conclusions on waste policy mixes and political needs.
Altfahrzeuge enthalten sowohl Schadstoffe als auch Wertstoffe und sind daher nach den Vorgaben der Altfahrzeugverordnung ordnungsgemäß zu behandeln und zu verwerten. Gefahren für die Umwelt können so vermieden und Wertstoffe zurückgewonnen werden. Dementsprechend ist es wichtig, dass die ordnungsgemäße Behandlung und Verwertung von Altfahrzeugen auch belegt werden kann. Grundlegend ist vor diesem Hintergrund, dass nachvollziehbar ist, wo Fahrzeuge verbleiben, die außer Betrieb gesetzt und in Deutschland nicht wieder zum Straßenverkehr zugelassen werden. Mit den vorliegenden statistischen Angaben war dies in den letzten Jahren nur teilweise möglich. Beispielsweise war vor Projektbeginn für das Jahr 2013 der Verbleib von 1,18 Millionen Fahrzeugen nicht aufklärbar. Ziel des Vorhabens war es daher, den Verbleib von außer Betrieb gesetzten Fahrzeugen möglichst lückenlos aufzuklären. Darauf aufbauend erarbeiteten die Autoren Vorschläge, um die Datenlage dauerhaft zu verbessern.
To minimize the impact of end-of life vehicles on the environment they have to be managed in accordance with the legal requirements. Against this background it is important to comprehend the whereabouts of permanently decommissioned passenger cars. From the available statistical sources it was only possible to account for the whereabouts in parts for the last years. The subject-matter of the research project was the closure of this "statistical gap" to the maximum extent possible. The objectives of the project were the identification of the possible reasons underlying the "statistical gap", the determination, itemisation and, to the maximum extent possible, quantification of information on the actual whereabouts of permanently decommissioned vehicles and the development of measures and instruments that can be used to permanently improve the data situation.
The paper undertakes a closer look on the relation of institutions and policy mixes within the multi-level scope of the European Union in the policy field of resource efficiency and maps out different configurations. Based on an extensive analysis of scope, foci, instruments and especially the distribution of institutional responsibilities in 32 EU countries, the paper aims to amplify the categorisation of policy mix characteristics developed by Rogge and Reichardt by considerations on the institutional background of policy mixes. It specifically brings into question the potential impact of different institutional settings on the consistency and coherence of approaches in this evolving policy field. Resource efficiency is an eminently cross-cutting policy concept and a specific interesting unit of analysis due to the observable heterogeneity of implementation approaches. However, it is still mainly disconnected from energy issues and, at the same time, EU policy has shifted to the circular economy approach, indicating further need for streamlining with the resource efficiency approach. The paper stresses the need to include institutional and multi-level governance issues for policy design and the development of policy mixes, especially in the context of the now refocused resource efficiency agenda to the transition to a circular economy.
Facing an ever-increasing global consumption of natural resources and related environmental as well as socioeconomic challenges, the transition towards a circular economy will be of crucial importance. The issue is high on the political agenda, especially since the European Commission published its Circular Economy Action Plan in December 2015. Apparently different stakeholders have very different perceptions of the concept as well as different expectations for its implementation. During a workshop series by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, experts from policy, science, administration, industry and unions discussed key issues for the circular economy: What's the status quo in Germany? How can the circular economy be implemented in a comprehensive and efficient way? Which instruments are available? Is the legal framework on EU and national level sufficient for the evolvement of a circular economy? What is the role of the consumer? What are the economic potentials especially with regard to job creation? How can research and innovation policy contribute to this process? This paper aims to summarise the different discussions.
Deutschland verfügt über eines der weltweit führenden Systeme im Bereich der Abfallwirtschaft - vorrangiges Ziel ist es, Abfall sicher und umweltschonend zu entsorgen. Allerdings kommen nur ca. 14 Prozent der in der Industrie eingesetzten Rohstoffe aus dem Recycling, der Rest sind noch immer Primärmaterialien. Kreislaufwirtschaft findet noch nicht ausreichend statt: Rezyklate, aus Abfällen gewonnene Sekundärrohstoffe, werden noch weit unterhalb der möglichen Mengen in Produktions- und Nutzungsprozesse zurückführt. Werteverlust, Abhängigkeit von volatilen Rohstoffmärkten, geringere Ressourcenproduktivität und Externalitäten in Form von Umweltverschmutzung ließen sich damit vermeiden. Eine Digitalisierungsoffensive in Industrie und Abfallwirtschaft könnte dies bewirken. Eine Studie des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) verweist darauf, dass kein Umweltleitmarkt so stark von der Digitalisierung profitieren könnte wie die Kreislaufwirtschaft - und dass gleichzeitig kein Sektor bisher so schlecht aufgestellt ist.
Germany's waste management system is one of the world's most advanced - its primary objective is to dispose of waste in a way that is safe for both people and the environ- ment. However, only about 14 per cent of the raw materials used in industry are derived from recycling processes; the remainder are still sourced from primary materials. The circular economy is not yet being implemented on a large enough scale. Recyclates or recycled materials, i.e. secondary raw materials recovered from waste, are being fed back into production and usage processes at volumes that are far below what is possible. If this system were to be improved, loss of value, dependence on volatile commodity markets, lower resource productivity, and externalities in the form of environmental pollution could be avoided. A drive towards digitalisation in industry and the waste management sector could make this happen. A study by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) indicates that no other lead market in the environmental sector stands to benefit from digitalisation more than the circular economy - and that, at the same time, no sector has ever been so poorly positioned.
Bisher ist die vollständige Schließung von Stoffkreisläufen durch die Verwendung von Abfällen als Ressource in Deutschland nur eine Vision. Der Beitrag führt das Konzept der Kreislaufwirtschaft ein und konkretisiert es am Beispiel der Reparatur und Wiederverwendung von Produkten. Anschließend werden Hemmnisse betrachtet, die es auf dem Weg zur Kreislaufwirtschaft zu überwinden gilt und mögliche Lösungsansätze beschrieben.
Renewable energy targets in the European Union (EU) have raised the demand for timber and are expected to increase dependence on imports. However, EU timber consumption levels are already disproportionally high compared to the rest of the world. The question is, how much timber is available for the EU to sustainably harvest and import, in particular considering sustainable forest management practices, a safe operating space for land-system change, and the global distribution of "common good" resources. This article approaches this question from a supply angle to develop a reference value range for the current as well as future sustainable supply of timber at the EU-27 and global levels. For current supply estimates, national-level data on forest area available for wood supply, productivity in that area, as well as the rate available for harvest were collected and aggregated into three potential supply scenarios. For future supply estimates, a safe operating space scenario halting land use change, a sensitivity analysis, and a literature review were performed. To provide both a comparison of global versus EU sustainable supply capacities and to develop a benchmark toward evaluating and comparing levels of consumption to sustainable supply capacities, per capita calculations were made. Results revealed that the per capita sustainable supply potential of EU forests is estimated to be around three times higher than the global average in 2050. Whether a global or EU reference value is more appropriate for EU policy orientation, considering both strengthened economic and cultural ties to the forest in forest-rich countries as well as the need to prevent problem shifting associated with exporting land demands abroad, is discussed. Further research is needed to strengthen and harmonize data, improve methods for modeling future scenarios and incorporate interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder perspectives toward the development of robust and politically relevant reference values for sustainable consumption levels.