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Replacing traditional technologies by renewables can lead to an increase of emissions during early diffusion stages if the emissions avoided during the use phase are exceeded by those associated with the deployment of new units. Based on historical developments and on counterfactual scenarios in which we assume that selected renewable technologies did not diffuse, we conclude that onshore and offshore wind energy have had a positive contribution to climate change mitigation since the beginning of their diffusion in EU27. In contrast, photovoltaic panels did not pay off from an environmental standpoint until very recently, since the benefits expected at the individual plant level were offset until 2013 by the CO2 emissions related to the construction and deployment of the next generation of panels. Considering the varied energy mixes and penetration rates of renewable energies in different areas, several countries can experience similar time gaps between the installation of the first renewable power plants and the moment in which the emissions from their infrastructure are offset.
The analysis demonstrates that the time-profile of renewable energy emissions can be relevant for target-setting and detailed policy design, particularly when renewable energy strategies are pursued in concert with carbon pricing through cap-and-trade systems.
Suffizienz wird als persönlicher Lebensstil hoch geschätzt. Als unentbehrlicher Teil zukunftsfähigen Lebens und Wirtschaftens wird sie aber erst Wirkung erlangen, wenn sie politisch durchgesetzt und damit verpflichtend wird. In einem ersten Text hat der Autor 30 Suffizienzpolitiken kartiert und begründet. Jetzt ist zu überlegen, auf welche Weise staatliche Maßnahmen dieser Art mit ihren Anreizen, aber eben auch mit ihren Grenzsetzungen und Verboten in der Wahlbevölkerung annehmbar werden können. Auch wenn Anordnungen des Staates verpflichtend sind, sind sie für ihre Wirksamkeit doch auf eine möglichst große Bereitschaft angewiesen, sie hinzunehmen und möglichst auch gutzuheißen und zu unterstützen. Schon darum, weil sonst Wege gesucht werden, diese Politiken zu umgehen, oder weil den Urhebern dieser Politiken bei den nächsten Wahlen das Vertrauen entzogen wird. Wie also sind Suffizienzpolitiken überzeugend zu begründen? Wie sind sie möglichst wirksam vorzustellen? Welche Widerstände sind zu erwarten? Was wiederum lässt sich tun, um die Abwehr zu überwinden?
Untersucht werden acht Politiken, um aus ihnen Merkmale für die Akzeptanz von Suffizienzpolitiken zu gewinnen. Die Beispiele sind in sich sehr unterschiedlich. Alle jedoch, ob gelungen, beabsichtigt oder bisher ohne Erfolg, lassen sich auf Auskünfte zum Thema dieser Arbeit hin befragen. Ein Schlusskapitel wertet sie aus und hält fest, was aus ihnen an Einsicht für die vor unserer Generation liegenden Aufgaben zu gewinnen ist. Das Ganze ist als eine Handreichung gedacht für politische Entscheiderinnen und Entscheider wie für aktive Bürger und Bürgerinnen.
After two decades of privatization and outsourcing being the dominant trends across public services, an inclination towards founding new municipal power utilities can be observed. In this article, the authors examine the preservation strategies of the German energy regime following the transition approach developed by Geels. From the multi-level perspective, it can be stated that innovations take place in niches and have to overcome the obstacles and persistence of the conventional fossil-nuclear energy regime. Through an empirical analysis, it can be concluded that the established regime significantly delays the decentralization process required for a transformation of energy structures on local electricity grids. Furthermore, it is shown that municipal utilities (Stadtwerke) are important key actors for the German Energiewende (energy transition) as they function as local energy distributors and they meet a variety of requirements to promote fundamental structural change. The trend towards re-municipalization and the re-establishment of municipal utilities reveal the desire to further strengthen the scope of local politics.
Wissenschaft und Utopie scheinen auf den ersten Blick gar nicht zusammenzupassen. Steht "Utopie" doch für das Kontrafaktische, für das Irreale. Wissenschaft holt dagegen auf den Boden der Tatsachen zurück. Doch ein zweiter Blick offenbart, wie stark Wissenschaft und Utopie aufeinander bezogen sind und sich ein Aufbruch in eine utopische Wissenschaft lohnt.
Vielfältige Einflüsse wirken auf die Energie- und Wasserversorgung ein, auch aus Faktoren resultierend, die nicht mit dem Klimawandel zusammenhängen. Es besteht damit zum einen die Herausforderung, die Folgen des Klimawandels unter den allgemeinen Bedingungen gesellschaftlicher Transformation modellhaft zu erfassen. Die Produktions- und Versorgungssysteme in Deutschland müssen sich langfristig an die Folgen des Klimawandels anpassen. Das Kapitel thematisiert deshalb zum anderen die Verletzlichkeit von Energiesystem und Wasserinfrastruktur und stellt dar, wie sie in unterschiedlichen Szenarien berechnet werden kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser unterschiedlichen Szenariorechenläufe setzen einen Rahmen, der die vielfältigen Anpassungserfordernisse aufzeigt. Wenn die Versorgung in Zukunft sicher und effizient sein soll, sind darüber hinaus auch die anderen, nichtklimatischen Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen.
Accelerating the diffusion of domestic biogas is considered to be a promising option for reaching the goal of universal access to energy by 2030, particularly for the provision of cooking energy for rural populations in developing countries. The aim of this study is to develop a systematic account of the factors that influence the diffusion of domestic biogas technologies. To achieve this objective, a three step analysis approach is applied. In the first step, a conceptual model is built based on insights from scholars that have been studying the diffusion of energy innovations in rural contexts. In the next step, a qualitative content analysis of scientific literature is undertaken to test and refine the categories proposed by the conceptual model and to systematically organise the empirical evidence of the factors that influence the diffusion of domestic biogas in developing and emerging countries. The systemised evidence is used to identify the components and interactions between the household configurations and socio-economic context that determine both the adoption process at household level and the overall technology diffusion. Finally, in the last step, we reflect on the implications of the resultant systematic conceptualisation regarding the purpose and design of programmes promoting the dissemination of domestic biogas technologies.
In recent years, a number of energy scenario studies which aim to advise policy makers on appropriate energy policy measures have been developed. These studies highlight changes required to achieve a future energy system that is in line with public policy goals such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and an affordable energy supply. We argue that behavioural changes towards energy-sufficient lifestyles have considerable potential to contribute to public policy goals and may even be indispensable for achieving some of these goals. This potential should, therefore, be reflected in scenario studies aiming to provide comprehensive advice to policy makers. We analyse the role that energy-sufficient lifestyles play in prominent recent global energy scenario studies and find that these studies largely ignore the potential of possible behavioural changes towards energy-sufficient lifestyles. We also describe how such changes have been considered in several other scenario studies, in order to derive recommendations for the future development of global energy scenarios. We conclude that the inclusion of lifestyle changes in energy scenarios is both possible and useful. Based on our findings, we present some general advice for energy scenario developers on how to better integrate sufficiency into future energy scenario studies in a quantitative manner.
Transitions towards sustainability are urgently needed to address the interconnected challenges of economic development, ecological integrity, and social justice, from local to global scales. Around the world, collaborative science-society initiatives are forming to conduct experiments in support of sustainability transitions. Such experiments, if carefully designed, provide significant learning opportunities for making progress on transition efforts. Yet, there is no broadly applicable evaluative scheme available to capture this critical information across a large number of cases, and to guide the design of transition experiments. To address this gap, the article develops such a scheme, in a tentative form, drawing on evaluative research and sustainability transitions scholarship, alongside insights from empirical cases. We critically discuss the scheme's key features of being generic, comprehensive, operational, and formative. Furthermore, we invite scholars and practitioners to apply, reflect and further develop the proposed tentative scheme - making evaluation and experiments objects of learning.
In October 2014, the European Council agreed on a target of improving overall energy efficiency by at least 27 per cent by 2030. According to the European Council's conclusions, this target should not be translated into nationally binding targets. Nevertheless individual Member States are free to set higher national objectives if desired. However, it is difficult to assess the degree of ambition of a national target because so far not much light has been shed upon the exact size of the untapped efficiency potentials.
This paper provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of existing studies on energy efficiency potentials in the European Union's (EU) Member States by 2030. It includes a structured overview of the results, information on the quality of the available data and suggestions for improvement.
The review shows that comprehensive studies on national energy efficiency potentials are rare and hardly comparable. The existing studies agree on the existence of significant potentials for energy efficiency. Their outcomes, however, vary significantly in terms of national levels. Assuming low policy intensity, energy savings between 10 and 28 per cent could be realised by 2030 compared to a baseline development, in the case of high policy intensity 7-44 per cent. Technical energy efficiency potentials in the different EU Member States are estimated at 14-52 per cent. On average, energy savings of 27 per cent by 2030 appear to be feasible with significant policy effort. We conclude that the deviation in Member States' energy efficiency potentials resulting from different studies represents an indication of the so far poor quality of underlying data. In order to allow for a concretisation of efficiency potential estimates, the comparability and detail of information sources should be improved.
Africa and in particular African Least Developed Countries have to a large extent been neglected by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This article reviews the mechanism's performance in the region and highlights current developments. The analysis is based on a quantitative breakdown of data provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and Technical University of Denmark (UNEP/DTU) CDM Pipeline and was complemented by interviews with selected investors. The findings indicate that despite the various support measures for underrepresented regions, the overall share of African CDM activities continues to be low. The significant rise in the share of Programmes of Activities of recent years cannot make up for the continuing low numbers of African stand-alone projects. Further, the collapse of the compliance market has proved fatal in terms of timing: ongoing efforts to support the development of a genuine African carbon market were suffocated by the lack of demand for Certified Emission Reductions at a moment when capacity building had started to bear fruit. Consequently, instead of being a mitigation tool with significant scale, the future role of the CDM in Africa might be limited to the voluntary market, while at the same time serving as a tool to foster sustainable development, with mitigation benefits.