Zukünftige Energie- und Industriesysteme
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In recent years, many energy scenario studies have proven that a power supply system based on renewable energies (RE) >90 percent is feasible. However, existing scenarios differ significantly in the composition of generation technologies. Some scenarios focus on wind energy in the northern part of Europe, others base on a large utilisation of solar technologies in the south. Apart from the generation capacities, the needed technical flexibilisation strategies such as grid extension, demand flexibilisation and energy storage are generally known and considered in many scenarios. Yet, the impact of different renewable generation strategies on the local utilisation of flexibility options needs to be further assessed. Based upon the BMBF research project RESTORE2050, analyses have been carried out that focus on these interdependencies. The results of the project show that the local utilisation of flexibilisation options depends to a great extent on the technology focus of the long-term renewable expansion strategy. This applies for the spatial flexibilisation as provided by transnational interconnection capacities, especially the ones connecting regions with a surplus of power generation (e.g. GB, Norway and Spain). Another impact of the renewable scenario is seen on the required temporal flexibilisation of electricity generation and demand. In addition, the available options will compete for high utilisation in a future energy system. The differences in the utilisation of these applications, which base on the varying shares of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy generation, lead to the conclusion that the decision about longterm RE expansion ought to be made very soon in order to avoid inefficient flexibility pathways. Otherwise, if the future RE structure will be kept open, adequate adoption of new flexibility options will be difficult, especially in case of technologies with long lead and realisation time (e.g. new power grids and large scale energy storage devices).
Die vorangegangenen Analysen im RESTORE2050 Projekt, die im Rahmen dieses Berichts weitergeführt werden, haben gezeigt, dass der Einsatz von Wasserstoffspeichern zur Residuallastglättung nur bedingt geeignet ist. Zwar bietet die Technologie ein hohes technisches Potenzial hinsichtlich der Speicherkapazitäten und der installierbaren elektrischen Leistungen. Jedoch führt ein systemdienlicher Einsatz, bei dem positive Residuallastspitzen u. a. durch Anheben geringer Residuallasten gesenkt werden, wie er in den Modellrechnungen des RESTORE2050 Projektes implementiert ist, zu einer Absenkung der Deckungsraten von erneuerbaren Energien (EE) im europäischen Stromsystem. Dies ist dadurch begründet, dass die Umwandlung und Speicherung von EE-Strom als Wasserstoff (H2) im Vergleich zu anderen Speichertechnologien hohe Wandlungsverluste sowohl bei der H2-Erzeugung als auch bei der Rückverstromung aufweisen. Daher wird im Rahmen dieses Aufstockungsprojektes (RESTORE2050_plus) untersucht, welchen Beitrag alternative Einsatzstrategien der H2-Speicher zur Minimierung der negativen Residuallast, also potenzielle erneuerbaren Stromüberschüssen, und gleichzeitig zur Erhöhung der EE- Versorgungsanteile leisten kann.
This study provides insight into the feasibility of a CO2 trunkline from the Netherlands to the Utsira formation in the Norwegian part of the North Sea, which is a large geological storage reservoir for CO2. The feasibility is investigated in competition with CO2 storage in onshore and near-offshore sinks in the Netherlands. Least-cost modelling with a MARKAL model in combination with ArcGIS was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of the trunkline as part of aDutch greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy for the Dutch electricity sector and CO2 intensive industry. The results show that under the condition that a CO2 permit price increases from €25 per tCO2 in 2010 to €60 per tCO2 in 2030, and remains at this level up to 2050, CO2 emissions in the Netherlands could reduce with 67% in 2050 compared to 1990, and investment in the Utsira trunkline may be cost-effective from 2020–2030 provided that Belgian and German CO2 is transported and stored via the Netherlands as well. In this case, by 2050 more than 2.1 GtCO2 would have been transported from the Netherlands to the Utsira formation. However, if the Utsira trunkline is not used for transportation of CO2 from Belgium and Germany, it may become cost-effective 10 years later, and less than 1.3 GtCO2 from the Netherlands would have been stored in the Utsiraformation by 2050. On the short term, CO2 storage in Dutch fields appears more cost-effective than in the Utsira formation, but as yet there are major uncertainties related to the timing and effective exploitation of the Dutch offshore storage opportunities.