Zukünftige Energie- und Industriesysteme
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The German government has set itself the target of reducing the country's GHG emissions by between 80 and 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Alongside energy efficiency, renewable energy sources are set to play the main role in this transition. However, the large-scale deployment of renewable energies is expected to cause increased demand for critical mineral resources. The aim of this article is therefore to determine whether the transformation of the German energy system by 2050 ("Energiewende") may possibly be restricted by a lack of critical minerals, focusing primarily on the power sector (generating, transporting and storing electricity from renewable sources). For the relevant technologies, we create roadmaps describing a number of conceivable quantitative market developments in Germany. Estimating the current and future specific material demand of the options selected and projecting them along a range of long-term energy scenarios allows us to assess potential medium- or long-term mineral resource restrictions. The main conclusion we draw is that the shift towards an energy system based on renewable sources that is currently being pursued is principally compatible with the geological availability and supply of mineral resources. In fact, we identified certain sub-technologies as being critical with regard to potential supply risks, owing to dependencies on a small number of supplier countries and competing uses. These sub-technologies are certain wind power plants requiring neodymium and dysprosium, thin-film CIGS photovoltaic cells using indium and selenium, and large-scale redox flow batteries using vanadium. However, non-critical alternatives to these technologies do indeed exist. The likelihood of supplies being restricted can be decreased further by cooperating even more closely with companies in the supplier countries and their governments, and by establishing greater resource efficiency and recyclability as key elements of technology development.
Das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) hat gemeinsam mit dem Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie in der Studie "STROMbegleitung" Technologien, Perspektiven und Ökobilanzen elektrifizierter PKW untersucht. Die Studie gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der Technik, identifiziert Trends und analysiert die Ökobilanz unterschiedlicher Fahrzeugkonzepte. Gleichzeitig ordnet sie die deutschen Aktivitäten im Bereich Elektromobilität in einen globalen Kontext ein.
Bridging the data gap
(2004)
The CO2 utilisation is discussed as one of the future low-carbon technologies in order to accomplish a full decarbonisation in the energy intensive industry. CO2 is separated from the flue gas stream of power plants or industrial plants and is prepared for further processing as raw material. CO2 containing gas streams from industrial processes exhibit a higher concentration of CO2 than flue gases from power plants; consequentially, industrial CO2 sources are used as raw material for the chemical industry and for the synthesis of fuel on the output side. Additionally, fossil resources can be replaced by substitutes of reused CO2 on the input side. If set up in a right way, this step into a CO2-based circular flow economy could make a contribution to the decarbonisation of the industrial sector and according to the adjusted potential, even rudimentarily to the energy sector.
In this study, the authors analyse potential CO2 sources, the potential demand and the range of applications of CO2. In the last chapter of the final report, they give recommendations for research, development, politics and economics for an appropriate future designing of CO2 utilisation options based upon their previous analysis.
This book presents important new research on applied eco-efficiency concepts throughout Europe. The aim of eco-efficiency is to achieve market-based measures of environmental protection, in order to enhance the prospects for sustainable development and achieve positive economic and ecological benefits. The distinguished authors discuss a number of themes surrounding eco-efficiency including the necessary conditions for technological dissemination and ecological modernization, and the role of government in enabling businesses and society to participate actively in this process. In particular, they highlight the application of existing European-based policies concerning material flows and energy. The authors also investigate some new concepts of sustainable development and provide a useful introduction to material flows analysis. In further chapters they study the emerging regulatory policies for eco-efficiency, and examine the issues of sustainable business and consumption strategies.
Emscher 3.0 : from grey to blue - or, how the blue sky over the Ruhr region fell into the Emscher
(2013)
The river Emscher is - similar to the river Ruhr - the symbol of one of the internationally most renowned industrial regions: the Ruhr area with its 5 million inhabitants and an important location of key industries such as steel, chemical and materials industry. The revitalisation of the Emscher over the last 20 years marks a new phase in the region's history and is an impressive example of ecological and socio-economic transformation affecting all aspects of life along the river. What can we learn from the Emscher conversion for upcoming tasks in other infrastructure fields?
The global land area required to meet the German consumption of agricultural products for food and non-food use was quantified, and the related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly those induced by land-use changes in tropical countries, were estimated. Two comprehensive business-as-usual scenarios describe the development corridor of biomass for non-food use in terms of energetic and non-energetic purposes. In terms of land use, Germany was already a net importer of agricultural land in 2004, and the net additional land required by 2030 is estimated to comprise 2.5–3.4 Mha. This is mainly due to biofuel demand driven by current policy targets. Meeting the required biodiesel import demand would result in an additional GWP of 23–37 Tg of CO2 equivalents through direct and indirect land-use changes. Alternative scenario elements outline the potential options for reducing Germany's land requirement, which reflect future global per capita availability.
In early September 2014, about 4.000 scientists, activists and artists at the 4th International Conference on Degrowth sent out two messages.
1. Industrialized societies will change, either by disaster or by design. Accelerated resource exploitation and climate change can force societies into a transition. Or they swiftly develop new forms of economic, political and social organization which respect the planetary boundaries.
2. "Degrowth" has become a new social movement which translates scientific insights into cultural change, political change and social practice. Hence, the conference itself was an experiment on the potentials and limits of share economy, commoning and sufficiency.
A team of young scholars and activists from different German research institutes and non-govern- mental organisations prepared the conference. The team of the Wuppertal Institute was partly involved in the preperation of the conference. Scientists from all research groups took part in the conference, presenting and discussing project results.
The publication is a collection of contributions of the Wuppertal Institute to the conference and covers pivotal issues of the degrowth-debate: indicator development (Freyling & Schepelmann), working time reduction (Buhl), feminist theory (Biesecker & Winterfeld), and urban transition (Best).
Integrated systems analysis
(2007)
Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und der Verknappung fossiler Ressourcen haben nachwachsende Rohstoffe in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesondere die Bioenergie hat durch staatliche Fördermaßnahmen viel Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Mit der Ausweitung der energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse sollen Beiträge zum Klimaschutz durch die Vermeidung von Treibhausgasen geleistet, die Versorgungssicherheit soll durch Ersatz der knapper werdenden fossilen Ressourcen erhöht und der ländliche Raum gestärkt werden. Die selben Argumente lassen sich auch für die stoffliche Nutzung von Biomasse heranziehen. Auch wenn diese etwas aus dem Blickfeld der energiebezogenen Diskussion geraten ist, kann hier in den nächsten Jahren ein erhebliches Marktwachstum erwartet werden. Biomasse als erneuerbare Ressource kann in Land- und Forstwirtschaft aber nur begrenzt bereitgestellt werden. Dies gilt umso mehr, als bestimmte Nachhaltigkeits-Anforderungen eingehalten werden müssen. Der zu erwartenden Nachfragesteigerung für nachwachsende Rohstoffe (Nawaro) steht damit eine limitierte Verfügbarkeit entgegen. Aus dieser leitet sich die Forderung nach einer möglichst effizienten Verwertung ab. In diesem Zusammenhang fällt immer häufiger der Begriff der Kaskadennutzung von Nawaro als möglicher Lösungsansatz. Dieses Konzept kann im Wesentlichen als eine Hintereinanderschaltung von (mehrfacher) stofflicher und energetischer Nutzung desselben Rohstoffs gesehen werden und schafft so eine Verbindung von Material- und Energiesektor. Das Prinzip der Kaskadennutzung ist damit ein Ansatz zur Steigerung der Rohstoffeffizienz von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen und zur Optimierung der Flächennutzung. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Berichts ist es, die Option "Kaskadennutzung" strategisch, differenziert und ganzheitlich zu beleuchten. Im Rahmen der Projektarbeit sind daher Anforderungen an eine nachhaltige Kaskadennutzung von Nawaro abgeleitet und Schlussfolgerungen zu deren Ausgestaltung gezogen worden, um die Potenziale von Biomasse hochwertig und erfolgreich zu nutzen.