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The general conditions for local authorities in Germany have changed fundamentally during the last decades. Not only do municipalities compete with each other for employment, prestige and competitive advantages, they also face increasingly higher demands by their citizens, for instance in the area of climate protection.
Therefore, every municipality has to consider various economic, social and ecological determinants in its decision-making processes. With respect to public buildings, an economically-oriented cost-benefit-analysis alone is not adequate due to a municipality's role as "consumer and role model". To identify measures with a broader benefit, a multicriteria analysis (MCA) has been used to analyze energy efficiency measures in public buildings for the city of Dortmund.
For several years Dortmund has committed itself to implement energy efficiency measures and improve the energy performance of its building stock. Nevertheless, a benchmark analysis still shows a high energy saving potential that cannot be tapped with the existing measures and instruments. Therefore, a package of measures has been developed in close cooperation with the city of Dortmund, ranging broadly from measures of energetic retrofitting and green IT to behavioral change of building occupants.
In the MCA these measures have been assessed according to ten different criteria such as innovativeness, cost effectiveness, external costs, CO2 reduction potential, local value or effort of implementation. Three different scenarios ("City as Role Model", "City as Homo Oeconomicus", "City as Climate Protector") show different municipal perspectives.
The analysis has shown that the greatest benefit for municipalities, regardless of the municipal perspective, is yielded by measures such as voluntarily enhanced minimum standards for new or for energetic retrofitting of public buildings, the procurement of energy-efficient office equipment, the expansion of heat generation from renewable energies and the usage of private capital in participatory projects like "Solar&Save".
Klimaschutz-Teilkonzept "Klimafreundliche Mobilität" für die Stadt Wolfsburg : Abschlussbericht
(2014)
Mit dem Klimaschutz-Teilkonzept zur klimafreundlichen Mobilität waren Jung Stadtkonzepte und Wuppertal Institut von der Stadt Wolfsburg beauftragt worden. Untersucht wurde, welche Potenziale sich sowohl durch die fortschreitende technologische Entwicklung als auch durch kommunale Aktivitäten erschließen lassen. Dieser Frage ging das Konzept in zwei Szenarien nach. Die gemeinsame Arbeit kommt letztendlich zu dem Ergebnis, dass ein Großteil der möglichen CO2-Minderung aus der Technologieentwicklung bei den Fahrzeugen resultieren wird. Die größten Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Kommune liegen der Veränderung des Modal Splits zugunsten des Umweltverbunds. Das Konzept zeigt dazu in vier ausgewählten Handlungsfeldern entsprechende Leitmotive und Handlungsleitlinien auf und gibt vier grundlegende strategische Projektempfehlungen: 1. Stadtstruktur und Wohnumfeld: Carsharing und Wohnungswirtschaft zusammenführen. 2. Infrastruktur der Mobilität: Radverkehrsplan für die Gesamtstadt aufstellen. 3. Verkehrsmittel: Stationsbasiertes E-Carsharing einführen. 4. Marketing und Kommunikation: Mitarbeiter multimobil machen.
Policy evaluation is widely considered important for assessing policies for effectiveness and impact. Municipalities are among the political actors implementing energy and climate policy. Yet, few municipalities have introduced adequate instruments to monitor the effectiveness of their actions. Often, municipal actors consider local greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories to be sufficient to monitor the impact of their actions. This paper points out why the expectations placed on local GHG inventories as a monitoring instrument can rarely be met in practice. On the basis of German examples, it shall be shown that a thorough calculation of actual local energy and GHG reductions attributable to local efforts is often only partially possible, and is complicated by external factors. A supplementary approach to the top-down method is to evaluate local programmes from the bottom-up. This paper discusses efforts to develop an instrument for a bottom-up monitoring of the city of Hamburg's Climate Action Plan.
