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The economic assessment of low-carbon energy options is the primary step towards the design of policy portfolios to foster the green energy economy. However, today these assessments often fall short of including important determinants of the overall cost-benefit balance of such options by not including indirect costs and benefits, even though these can be game-changing. This is often due to the lack of adequate methodologies.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive account of the key methodological challenges to the assessment of the multiple impacts of energy options, and an initial menu of potential solutions to address these challenges.
The paper first provides evidence for the importance of the multiple impacts of energy actions in the assessment of low-carbon options.
The paper identifies a few key challenges to the evaluation of the co-impacts of low-carbon options and demonstrates that these are more complex for co-impacts than for the direct ones. Such challenges include several layers of additionality, high context dependency, and accounting for distributional effects.
The paper continues by identifying the key challenges to the aggregation of multiple impacts including the risks of overcounting while taking into account the multitude of interactions among the various co-impacts. The paper proposes an analytical framework that can help address these and frame a systematic assessment of the multiple impacts.
Die Energiewende stellt eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung dar und bedarf neuer Arbeitskonzepte. Diese These vertreten Uta von Winterfeld und Adelheid Biesecker in ihrem Beitrag "Bitte zweimal wenden! - Die Transformation der Energie- und Arbeitswelt". Ausgehend davon, dass die Energiewende einer sozial-ökonomischen Revolution gleichkomme und die Geschichte der Energie eine Geschichte steigender Arbeitsproduktivität sei, weswegen regenerative Energiequellen wie Sonne und Wind die Entwicklung bedrohen und zu einer Rückkehr zu einer früheren zivilisatorischen Phase führen würden, zeigen die Autorinnen, dass man zu letzterer Einsicht nur dann gelangt, wenn man die Energiewende ohne die notwendige Arbeitswende betrachtet. Damit die Energiewende nicht nur gelingt, sondern auch wirtschaftlich und gesellschaftlich positiv verläuft, braucht es laut Autorinnen eine Neuorganisation von Energie und Arbeit.
The current utilisation of natural resources in Germany and Europe is not sustainable, as inter alia stated by the German government as well as by the European Commission. At the same time, increased resource efficiency could lead to various environmental but also economic benefits. This brief study commissioned by Changing Markets presents developments in the field of resource efficiency policies, analyses the status quo of resource consumption with a special focus on fast moving consumer goods and describes potential effects of resource conservations.
Kunststoffabfälle, die nach dem Gebrauch von Kunststoffprodukten anfallen, werden in Deutschland noch immer überwiegend energetisch verwertet. Hemmnisse für eine werkstoffliche Verwertung sind zum Beispiel Zusatzstoffe, die die Recyclingfähigkeit einschränken, die zunehmende Verwendung von Verbunden, die gemischte Sammlung und die mangelnde Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ziel dieses Projektes ist, für die nach dem Gebrauch im Gewerbe und bei Haushalten anfallenden Kunststoffabfälle und ggf. weitere Wertstoffe die Frage zu beantworten, ob und unter welchen Randbedingungen diese dem Restabfall oder derzeit energetisch genutzten Fraktionen entzogen und so die werkstoffliche Verwertung gesteigert werden kann. Das Projekt entwickelt einen integrierten Policymix, der sowohl beim Angebot, der Nachfrage als auch den Marktbedingungen für den Einsatz von Sekundärkunststoffen ansetzt.
Treating waste as a resource and the design of a circular economy have been identified as key approaches for resource efficiency. Despite ambitious targets, policies and instruments that would enable a transition from a conventional waste management to an integrated and comprehensive resource management are still missing. Moreover, this will require innovative policy mixes which do not only address different end-of-pipe approaches but integrate various resource efficiency aspects from product design to patterns of production and consumption. Based on the results of a project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development named "POLFREE - Policy Options for a resource efficient economy", this paper addresses several aspects of the conceptualization of policy mixes with regard to waste as a specific resource efficiency challenge. The guiding research interest of this paper is the combination of policies necessary to create a full circular economy. In a first step, the present waste policy frameworks, institutions and existing incentives at national level are examined in order to disclose regulatory and policy gaps. Based on this, the second part of the paper describes and analyses specific waste-related resource efficiency instruments with regard to their potential impacts under the constraints of various barriers. Based on the assessment of the country analyses and the innovative instruments, the paper draws conclusions on waste policy mixes and political needs.
While secondary plastics arising at the manufacturing and processing phases are recycled to the production process in large measure due to its high purity, the market share of secondary plastics remains low and recycling is often dominated by thermal recovery. Energetic recovery of plastics in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been dominating for a long time. At the same time reuse of WEEE is not well developed at EU level; with few exceptions at Member State level. Against this background we want to discuss in this book chapter several policy instruments that aim to increase the reuse of WEEE as well as the use of secondary plastics in electrical and electronic equipment. Taking the case study of Germany we evaluate instruments theoretical quantity effects and their feasibility. In reality, instruments are often weak and scattered implemented. To identify a policy mix without the risk of creating expensive policies with the potential for inefficient outcomes, we make two complementary conceptual proposes, which first open up perspectives for possible synergies of instruments and second allow an integrated understanding of the regional context in which instruments are implemented. The discussion of the case study of promoting reuse within this framework makes clear, that such an integrated understanding is the basis for any appropriate, targeted and efficient stimulation and bridges the gap between theoretical policy formulation and practically implementation.
Rohstoffkreisläufe sind eine aussichtsreiche Möglichkeit, die Abhängigkeiten von natürlichen Ressourcen, die knapper werden, zu reduzieren, Kosten zu sparen und gleichzeitig die Umwelt zu schonen. Die Schließung von Stoffkreisläufen steht hoch wie nie auf der politischen Agenda: Angesichts schwankender und absehbar steigender Rohstoffkosten und vermehrter Unsicherheiten über die Versorgung der Industrie mit Rohstoffen wird die umfassende Transformation der Abfallwirtschaft zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft zunehmend als Schlüssel für zukunftsfähiges und erfolgreiches Wirtschaften gesehen.
Der vorliegende Bericht bietet einen Überblick über innovative Technologien und Verfahren, Primär- durch Sekundärrohstoffe zu ersetzen, basierend auf einem Screening aktueller Forschungsprojekte und Fachpublikationen.