Refine
Year of Publication
- 2004 (251) (remove)
Document Type
- Contribution to Periodical (98)
- Part of a Book (54)
- Report (33)
- Working Paper (24)
- Peer-Reviewed Article (17)
- Conference Object (14)
- Book (8)
- Periodical Part (2)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Language
Transnational corporations' (TNCs) economic operations cover numerous countries and can be diverted between several continents. These units have reached a level of significance, having not only economic, but also social and environmental implications. This justifies that they shall be treated separately as a social phenomenon, when considering strategies for the development towards sustainability. This paper presents the concept of Responsible Corporate Governance (RCG), as a strategy to "govern" TNCs. RCG is suggested as a stakeholder based policy instrument, which aims at allocating responsibilities to societal actors aiming at corporate accountability. RCG recognises that the process of societal change is strongly based on what can be called as bottom up-processes. Learning processes take place through the interaction of the different societal members, which eventually leads to macro changes. Therefore, governing TNCs towards sustainability improvements is considered to be a collective process including all stakeholders. Firstly, the paper places the concept of RCG in the ongoing debate of political modernization based on the fact that society develops overtime and the political system must correspondingly modernize. In this context, political overload developed as a consequence of increased resource interdependencies is explained and as a resolution, network approach is discussed. Secondly, demands on the orientation of the TNCs in terms of accountability and innovative action are brought forward. Here, the paper also lists down corporate elements (stakeholder empowered corporate governance, management and performance evaluation systems, transparency enhancement and accountability verification), which need to be in place to attain an accountable orientation in the society. Following, using an analytical framework, the orientation and capabilities of each societal actor (environmental non-governmental organisations, financial institutions, intergovernmental organisations) to affect improvements in the corporate responsibility elements are investigated and recommendations for their effective orientation are listed.
Armuts-Ökologie
(2004)
Von einer zukunftsfähigen Globalisierung kann nur die Rede sein, wenn die Normorientierung der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit integriert wird in eine umwelt- und sozial gerechte Perspektive. Deshalb verknüpft das vorliegende Papier kritische Diskurse zur neoliberalen Globalisierung mit feministischen Ökonomie- und Ökologieansätzen. Feministische Globalisierungskritik wird hier entlang zweier Achsen entfaltet, nämlich Frauenarbeit und Sicherung von Überlebensgrundlagen (Livelihood). Beide geraten durch Liberalisierungspolitiken, Privatisierung und die fortschreitende Kommerzialisierung aller Ressourcen und Lebensbereiche zunehmend unter Druck. Arme Frauen und andere Ressourcen-, Einkommens- und Machtarme verlieren ihre Nutzungsrechte an den Überlebensressourcen Land, Wasser, Biodiversität und Saatgut und ihre Zugangsrechte zu sozialer Grundversorgung. Gleichzeitig gehört es zur Funktionslogik der neoliberalen Marktökonomie, die vor allem von Frauen geleistete Arbeit zur sozialen Versorgung, gesellschaftlichen Reproduktion und Subsistenz als nicht wertschöpfend abzuwerten, sie trotzdem aber ständig als Zuarbeits- und Sicherheitspolster zu nutzen. Unter den Bedingungen globalisierter Standortkonkurrenz findet ein Rennen der Kostensenkung und Produktivitätssteigerung statt, das zu einem erheblichen Teil auf dem Rücken von Frauen ausgetragen wird. Der universalisierte Marktzwang von Rentabilität und Effizienz führt in eine Krise der sozialen Versorgung, der Ernährungssicherung und der Überlebenssicherung der Armen. Das Rechtsregime der Welthandelsorganisation setzt sich über soziale Rechte und Umweltschutz hinweg, während gleichzeitig die Märkte soziale und ökologische Kosten externalisieren und Regierungen soziale und ökologische Aufgaben in die "Eigenverantwortung" der einzelnen und lokalen Gemeinschaften abschieben. Es geht darum, Livelihood-Rechte von Frauen und anderen sozial Schwachen gegen das Rechtsregime des Freihandels zu schützen und demokratisch Gegenmacht und Gegenmodelle aufzubauen, die Überleben und soziale Reproduktion nachhaltig sichern. Global Governance Regime und staatliche Politiken müssen Ermöglichungsräume öffnen und einen rechtlichen Rahmen setzen, damit auf der lokalen Ebene die Überlebenssicherung und Ressourcenrechte neu ausgehandelt werden können. Nur mit multiplen Strategien und Mehr-Ebenen-Kämpfen können Frauen- und Livelihood-Rechte globalisiert werden.
Infrastrukturen und Infrastrukturpolitik nehmen einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Nachhaltigkeit eines Landes. Betrachtet man die (Fehl-) Entwicklungen des letzten Jahrhunderts in den Industrieländern, so ist zu erkennen, dass die derzeitigen Energie-, Verkehrs- und Wasserinfrastrukturen selbst den Anforderungen einer ökonomischen Nachhaltigkeit nicht gewachsen sind. Ihre sozialen und ökologischen Folgen wurden zudem meist vernachlässigt und spielten bei Entscheidungsprozessen nur eine nachrangige Rolle. Große Herausforderungen liegen vor den Industrieländern, wenn sie nachhaltige Infrastrukturen schaffen wollen - und gar eine Leitbildfunktion für Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer im 21. Jahrhundert einnehmen möchten. Denn durch die Intensivierung der weltweiten Austauschbeziehungen werden die nicht-nachhaltigen Infrastrukturkonzepte und -politiken der Industrieländer zunehmend auf Entwicklungsländer übertragen. Eine Umorientierung muss deshalb auch im Süden erfolgen. Dieses Wuppertal Paper bietet am Beispiel der drei wichtigen Sektoren Energie, Verkehr und Wasser Ansätze einer nachhaltigen Infrastrukturpolitik. Dazu gehören sowohl globale Lösungsstrategien als auch spezifische Instrumente für die Länder des Nordens oder des Südens. Im Rahmen von sektoralen Fallstudien werden die Schwellenländer Brasilien (Energie), China (Verkehr) und Indonesien (Wasser) betrachtet. Zudem werden Strategien und Erfolgsfaktoren für eine an Nachhaltigkeitszielen orientierte Transferpolitik skizziert, wobei auch auf die Bedeutung von Bildung und die Rolle internationaler Finanzinstitutionen (am Beispiel der Weltbank) eingegangen wird. Um die großen Herausforderungen einer globalen nachhaltigen Entwicklung zu bewältigen, schlägt dieses Papier vor, mehrere Strategien parallel zu verfolgen. Im Norden sind die gegenwärtigen ressourcenintensiven, nicht-nachhaltigen Infrastrukturen zu überdenken. Im Süden sollte der Pfad der "nachholenden Entwicklung" verlassen und im Sinne eines ökologischen "leapfrogging" der Sprung in post-fossile Infrastrukturen angestrebt werden, um nicht die Fehler des Nordens zu wiederholen. Länderspezifische Lösungen sollten dabei an die Stelle eines Imports nicht-angepasster Infrastrukturen treten. Der Transfer und Austausch von Ideen, Konzepten und Lösungen kann dabei einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten, wobei eine unidirektionale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit von Nord nach Süd nicht ausreicht. Auch Süd-Süd oder Süd-Nord-Kooperationen eröffnen wichtige Chancen. Zudem ist der industrieländerzentrische, Technologie orientierte Ansatz einer einfachen Optimierung der supply-side zu verlassen zugunsten einer Handlungsstrategie, die ein nachhaltiges demand-side-management integriert.
Verkehrsgenese : Entstehung von Verkehr sowie Potenziale und Grenzen einer nachhaltigen Mobilität
(2004)
Fragen zur Verkehrsgenese, zu (Hinter-)Gründen und Ursachen für die Entstehung und Ausdifferenzierung des Verkehrs sind seit den neunziger Jahren zu einem eigenen Forschungsfeld geworden und haben für praktische Anwendungen an Bedeutung gewonnen. Aus verschiedenen disziplinären, Forschungs- und Praxisperspektiven wird in dem Band der Stand der Forschung zur Verkehrsgenese beleuchtet. Die meisten Texte basieren auf Vorträgen auf der Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Verkehr 2003 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie am Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt und Energie.
Der neoliberalen Globalisierung liegen Rationalitätsmuster zugrunde, die weder neu, noch liberal sind. Dies gilt für herrschaftliches Denken über Natur (als Ressource) ebenso wie für den sich verstärkenden Zugriff auf Naturgüter und die Ausblendung reproduktiver Elemente aus der Debatte über Umgangsweisen mit Natur. Mit Blick auf Landnutzung und Livelihood wird lokale Vielfalt durch Globalisierung zerstört. Der Absolutheitsanspruch eines weltweit entfesselten Marktes mit seinem grenzenlos freien Wettbewerb untergräbt das Recht auf- und die Möglichkeit zu je eigener, der Lokalität gemäßer Naturnutzung. Wenn immer mehr Menschen ihrer an die jeweiligen Lokalitäten gebundenen Produktionsmittel beraubt werden, können sich Gesellschaften nicht von innen heraus nachhaltig entwickeln.
From 10 to 14 September 2003, the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiated over a further liberalization of world trade. A lot was at stake there for the environment. It is true that in the current round of negotiations the Doha Declaration has agreed certain points relating to the environment. But this should not conceal the fact that the WTO is still a long way from taking due account of ecological aspects in its policies. The present paper begins by analyzing the discussion on environmental issues within the WTO, which for more than ten years has been conducted mainly in its Committee on Trade and Environment. It is shown that many environmental effects of trade liberalization have not been discussed at all, that conflicts of interest among WTO member-states prevent any deep discussion, and that an ecological reform of the WTO has up to now stood no chance. This analysis then forms the background for a twofold strategy. First, arguments are presented as to why the WTO, given its environmental policy deficits, should afford sufficient scope to institutions actively concerned with environmental policy. The conflictual relationship between Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO is examined at this point. A distinction is drawn between minor and potentially critical conflicts, and it is shown how a limitation of the competence of the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body, together with cooperative political-legal processes to resolve conflicts between affected institutions, might offer a solution and lead to greater institutional equity in the global political arena. Second, the paper discusses how ecological aspects might be integrated step by step into the WTO. After a detailed examination of the potential and limits of instruments like impact assessments, it makes a number of recommendations for their further development. Finally, it considers how impact assessments might be integrated into the WTO's institutional structures, so that ecological aspects can be systematically input into policy-making processes and better public participation in WTO policy be ensured. In this connection, the paper discusses both the integration of impact assessments into the WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism and the creation of a new Strategic Impact Assessment Body within the WTO.
This article proposes a policy framework for analysing corporate governance toward sustainable development. The aim is to set up a framework for analysing market evolution toward sustainability. In the first section, the paper briefly refers to recent theories about both market and government failures that express scepticism about the way that framework conditions for market actors are set. For this reason, multi-layered governance structures seem advantageous if new solutions are to be developed in policy areas concerned with long-term change and stepwise internalisation of externalities. The paper introduces the principle of regulated self-regulation. With regard to corporate actors| interests, it presents recent insights from theories about the knowledge-based firm, where the creation of new knowledge is based on the absorption of societal views. The result is greater scope for the endogenous internalisation of externalities, which leads to a variety of new and different corporate strategies. Because governance has to set incentives for quite a diverse set of actors in their daily operations, the paper finally discusses innovation-inducing regulation. In both areas, regulated self-regulation and innovation-inducing regulation, corporate and political governance co-evolve. The paper concludes that these co-evolutionary mechanisms may assume some of the stabilising and orientating functions previously exercised by framing activities of the state. In such a view, the government's main function is to facilitate learning processes, thus departing from the state's function as known from welfare economics.
Environment and human rights
(2004)
Wolfgang Sachs argues for environmental human rights as a fundamental prerequisite to end the violence of development. He outlines the numerous conflicts over natural resources in the struggle for livelihoods and argues for a transition to sustainability in the more affluent economies, in both the North and South, as a necessary condition for the safeguarding of the subsistence rights of those whose livelihood depends on direct access to nature.
What kind of innovations are we talking about? : The Wuppertal Institute s new research structure
(2004)
In February 2000, the German Bundestag established a Study Commission on "Sustainable Energy Supplies in View of Globalisation and Liberalisation" (cf. Final Report, 2002). The Commission's Final Report is a contribution made by Germany toward implementing the sustainable development objectives defined in 1992 at the World Summit in Rio de Janeiro (Agenda 21). Despite minority votes of several members of the Study Commission, the main outcomes of the Final Report are worthwhile discussing in other industrial countries. The Commission had been given the mandate to identify "robust, sustainable development paths" for the energy sector for the period up to 2050, which represent a scientific basis for the German parliament's further decision-making in the field of long-term energy policy. The applied backcasting approach showed that an ambitious climate-protection goal - reducing CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 - is technically and economically feasible. The main strategies and instruments for protecting the climate while ensuring asustainable energy supply are summarised.
Global climate
(2004)
This book presents important new research on applied eco-efficiency concepts throughout Europe. The aim of eco-efficiency is to achieve market-based measures of environmental protection, in order to enhance the prospects for sustainable development and achieve positive economic and ecological benefits. The distinguished authors discuss a number of themes surrounding eco-efficiency including the necessary conditions for technological dissemination and ecological modernization, and the role of government in enabling businesses and society to participate actively in this process. In particular, they highlight the application of existing European-based policies concerning material flows and energy. The authors also investigate some new concepts of sustainable development and provide a useful introduction to material flows analysis. In further chapters they study the emerging regulatory policies for eco-efficiency, and examine the issues of sustainable business and consumption strategies.
Towards sustainable production and consumption : preparedness for product service system concept
(2004)
An increasing number of publications about theoretical approaches and new findings illustrate the relevance of the topic environmental risk assessment. The actual discussion about high oil prices is not incorporated under this headline; but it should be, as natural resource scarcity is a crucial economic factor. In practical experience, more and more banks, insurance companies as well as investors realize that there are certain areas with a high correlation between sustainable development and corporate success, corporate risk exposure and corporate performance. In this discussion one of the most obvious topics are risks related to climate change. According to the findings of surveys evaluated in this paper climate change starts to affect economic development and companies' performance in various ways. Over the next decade, economic losses due to climate change are estimated by US$ 150 billion per year. As result world's business leaders have described climate change as the biggest challenge of the 21st century. Hence, the incorporation of climate change as a risk factor is essential, but risks related to climate change feature a severe issue of complex structure and uncertainty; traditional risk assessment tools appear in the light of not being able to either reflect the multifaceted system nor provide sufficient outcomes. Environmental risk assessments in general so far have mainly emphasized - if at all - on actual and possible impacts of the release of materials or emissions (external effects). But an overall sustainable risk assessment has also to take into account the risks related to the inflow of materials. The main reason for neglecting the inflow risks from an environmental perspective can be seen in the fact that these risks seem to be less tangible and more uncertain. Nevertheless, in a world where economic development and the use of natural resources is not uncoupled yet, a steadily increasing economic power will result in a continually rising extraction of resources. As all resources are limited, the risk of scarcity will rise; and the example of water illustrates that it already exists. Indeed, scarcity is not tangible for all kind of resources from a present point of view. Hence, a specified analysis is needed considering different market and supply conditions. A comprehensive analysis of environmental risks needs to encompass risks affecting the output as well as the input side of a value chain. This paper enlarges the discussion on environmental risk assessments upon the input dimension using the example of carbon risks. Firstly, carbon risks are defined as risks related to climate change at the corporate level with a focus on the input as well as the output dimension. Secondly, an analysis of the current discussion on the topic of carbon risk evaluates the status quo of scientific work in this field. Thirdly, in terms of developing a practically oriented tool, the Value-at-Risk approach and it's application to measure input oriented carbon risks are scrutinized. The results discuss how future volatility and market prices can be utilized to describe the uncertainty resulting from markets acknowledging and pricing oil scarcity as a risk factor. Finally recommendations with a focus on strategic management decisions and financial performance analysis are given and further research opportunities are drawn. The conclusion is; once markets have acknowledged the depletion mid-point as a measure of oil scarcity, natural scarcity will result in a significant higher Value-at-Risk. The Value-at-Risk of one barrel of crude oil could then be as high as US$ 15.5 in the short term and even US$ 17.2 in the long term. The scope of this paper is neither intended to predict one likely development nor to demonstrate how this tool can actually work in terms of forecasting single companies' performance. But in order to point the way ahead, this paper provides scenarios for potential future developments and sets a frame for risk assessments due to oil scarcity.
Der tonnenschwere Laptop : warum Computer besonders schwer an ihren ökologischen Rucksäcken tragen
(2004)
The objective of analytical strategic environmental assessment (ANSEA) is to provide a decision-centred approach to the SEA process. The ANSEA project evolved from the realisation that, in many cases, SEA, as currently practised, is not able to ensure an appropriate integration of environmental values. The focus of SEA is on predicting impacts, but the tool takes no account of the decision-making processes it is trying to influence. At strategic decision-making levels, in turn, it is often difficult to predict impacts with the necessary exactitude. The decision-making sciences could teach some valuable lessons here. Instead of focusing on the quantitative prediction of environmental consequences, the ANSEA approach concentrates on the integration of environmental objectives into decision-making processes. Thus, the ANSEA approach provides a framework for analysing and assessing the decision-making processes of policies, plans and programmes (PPP). To enhance environmental integration into the decision-making process, decision windows (DW) can be identified. The approach is designed to be objective and transparent to ensure that environmental considerations are taken into account, or - from an ex-post perspective - to allow an evaluation of how far environmental considerations have been integrated into the decision-making process under assessment. The paper describes the concepts and the framework of the ANSEA approach and discusses its relation to SEA and the EC Directive.
Globalisierte Zulieferketten : Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement von KMU und Global Playern
(2004)
Verpasste Chancen beim Bundesverkehrswegeplan : vor der Einführung der Strategischen Umweltprüfung
(2004)
Die Wirkung der Ökosteuer auf die (Auto-) Mobilität : eine Untersuchung mit Unterstützung von VW
(2004)
Wir wollen auf den Mars und sollten doch zuerst einmal auf der Erde landen. Hier warten ungelöste ökologische und ökonomische Probleme auf Lösungen. Stefan Bringezu lässt seine Leser gedanklich auf dem Planeten Erde neu landen. Dabei tauchen Fragen auf: Wie viel Verbrauch verträgt der Planet? Wo greift die Menschheit in natürliche Stoffströme ein, welche zusätzlichen Stoffströme setzt sie in Bewegung und welche Folgen haben diese? Menschliche Gesellschaft und Natur werden zu zwei komplexen Systemen, von denen das eine - die Gesellschaft - an das andere auf Gedeih und Verderb gekoppelt ist. Der Mensch ist in der Lage, seinen "Stoffwechsel" mit der Natur zu optimieren. Wie dieser gemessen werden kann und welche Lösungsansätze es bereits gibt, zeigt dieses Buch. Auch künftig wird es uns möglich sein, gut zu leben und zu wirtschaften, wenn wir den Verbrauch natürlicher Ressourcen nachhaltig gestalten.