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Melanie Speck (geb. Lukas) leistet mit ihrem Buch erstmals einen Überblick über die theoretische und empirische Fundierung von Suffizienz in deutschen Privathaushalten. Damit widmet sie sich einem Kernelement der nachhaltigen Entwicklung, das bisher nur wenig Beachtung in der Gesellschaft gefunden hat. Auf der Basis von 42 Haushaltsinterviews macht sie deutlich, dass ein suffizientes Handeln die moderate Veränderung von gesellschaftlich akzeptierten Kulturtechniken impliziert und dass eine vollkommene Abkehr von heutigen gesellschaftlichen Konsumstrukturen gar nicht notwendig ist.
The paper presents a case study of applying crowdsourcing to library deliveries. The trial was conducted in the city of Jyväskylä in Finland as part of the Resource Wise Communities program funded by The Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra. The city has a population of 120 000 inhabitants and is facing the shut-down of half of the public libraries in order to adapt its economy to lowered revenues and compulsory cost savings. The assumption was that the level of service for customers not able to settle for e-books would be lowered and/or customers would have to travel longer distances. However, a research pilot was carried out where - instead of lowering the level of service in the area - books and other library media were delivered to customers' homes by utilizing a novel crowdsourced delivery service called PiggyBaggy.
Crowdsourced delivery means that citizens deliver goods to each other along their way. Ideally, the deliveries would be made with minimal detour, along the way, thus maximizing the reduction in natural resource use and related environmental impacts from the transport. However, the transport fuel forms only one part of the overall footprint and in practice rebound effects such as drivers travelling longer distances motivated by monetary compensation, can reduce the targeted environmental improvement.
The objective of our study was to investigate whether an existing consumer service, in this case the library public service, can adopt crowdsourced deliveries quickly from scratch, and to whether consumers participate in the deliveries in a way that has real sustainability benefits. Despite prevailing regulative challenges, the study found that existing library deliveries can be successfully crowdsourced. Each crowdsourced delivery reduced an average of 1.6 kilometers driven by car, despite 80 percent of the deliveries being made within less than a five-kilometer distance. Mobility related footprint reduction potential for Finland is also estimated.
A reduction in working hours is being considered to tackle issues associated with ecological sustainability, social equity and enhanced life satisfaction - a so-called triple dividend. With respect to an environmental dividend, the authors analyse the time use rebound effects of reducing working time. They explore how an increase in leisure time triggers a rearrangement of time and expenditure budgets, and thus the use of resources in private households. Does it hold true that time-intensive activities replace resource-intensive consumption when people have more discretionary time at their disposal? This study on environmental issues is complemented by introducing the parameters of voluntary social engagement and individual life satisfaction as potential co-benefits of rebound effects. In order to analyse the first dividend, a mixed methods approach is adopted, enabling two models of time use rebound effects to be applied. First, semi-standardised interviews reveal that environmentally ambiguous substitutions of activities occur following a reduction in working hours. Second, estimates for Germany from national surveys on time use and expenditure show composition effects of gains in leisure time and income loss. For the latter, we estimate the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to time use. The results show that time savings due to a reduction in working time trigger relevant rebound effects in terms of resource use. However, both the qualitative and quantitative findings put the rebound effects following a reduction in working time into perspective. Time use rebound effects lead to increased voluntary social engagement and greater life satisfaction, the second and third dividends.
Rebound-Effekte sind die unerwünschten Wirkungen vieler Nachhaltigkeitsbemühungen. Gleichzeitig zeigen sie, dass gespartes Geld und gewonnene Zeit wieder reinvesitiert werden, damit wir mehr vom Leben haben, mehr tun und mehr erleben können - Rebound-Effekte sind Teil des Steigerungsspiels.
Auf der Grundlage soziologischer Theorien der Steigerung und Beschleunigung liefert das Buch eine umfassende Empirie zu indirekten Einkommens-, aber vor allem zu Zeiteffekten in Deutschland. Im Zentrum der empirischen Studien steht die Überprüfung einer dreifachen Dividende von Arbeitszeitverkürzungen - Ressourcenschonung, soziales Engagement und individuelle Lebenszufriedenheit. Zwar kompensieren Zeit-Rebound-Effekte potenzielle Ressourceneinsparungen in großen Teilen, aber nicht vollständig. Davon abgesehen äußern sich Zeit-Rebound-Effekte in ehrenamtlichem Engagement und individueller Zufriedenheit - erwünschte Wirkungen von Rebound-Effekten.
Ressourcenleichte Utopien
(2016)