Zukünftige Energie- und Industriesysteme
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In der Studie "Analyse und Bewertung der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten von Biomasse" wurden Optionen zur Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung durch Biogas mit Techniken zur Holznutzung verglichen. Im ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes (BWK 3/2006) wurden Potenziale, Techniken, Kosten und Klimaschutzaspekte der Biogasnutzung vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit der Gewinnung von Biomethan aus der Holzvergasung, der Aufbereitung und Einspeisung von Biogas sowie den Anforderungen und Restriktionen der Einspeisung ins deutsche Erdgasnetz.
In der Studie "Analyse und Bewertung der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten von Biomasse" mit Schwerpunkt auf stationäre Anwendungen wurden die Optionen zur Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung durch Biogas mit Techniken zur Holznutzung verglichen. Hinzu kommt die Betrachtung des Einsatzes von Biogas als Kraftstoff an Erdgastankstellen. Im folgenden ersten Teil werden die Ergebnisse der Studie mit Schwerpunkt auf den Biogaspotenzialen, den Techniken und Kosten sowie den Klimaschutzaspekten der Biogasnutzung vorgestellt. Ein zweiter Teil vertieft die Themen der Gewinnung von Biomethan aus der Holzvergasung, der Aufbereitung und Einspeisung von Biogas sowie den Anforderungen und Restriktionen der Einspeisung ins deutsche Erdgasnetz (BWK 5/2006).
Considering the enormous ecological and economic importance of the transport sector the introduction of alternative fuels - together with drastic energy efficiency gains - will be a key to sustainable mobility, nationally as well as globally. However, the future role of alternative fuels cannot be examined from the isolated perspective of the transport sector. Interactions with the energysystem as a whole have to be taken into account. This holds both for the issue of availability of energy sources as well as for allocation effects, resulting from the shift of renewable energy from the stationary sector to mobile applications. With emphasis on hydrogen as a transport fuel for private passenger cars, this paper discusses the energy systems impacts of various scenarios introducing hydrogen fueled vehicles in Germany. It identifies clear restrictions to an enhanced growth of clean hydrogen production from renewable energy sources (RES). Furthermore, it points at systems interdependencies that call for a priority use of RES electricity in stationary applications. Whereas hydrogen can play an increasing role in transport after 2030 the most important challenge is to exploit short–mid-term potentials of boosting car efficiency.
The role of hydrogen in long run sustainable energy scenarios for the world and for the case of Germany is analysed, based on key criteria for sustainable energy systems. The possible range of hydrogen within long-term energy scenarios is broad and uncertain depending on assumptions on used primary energy, technology mix, rate of energy efficiency increase and costs degression ("learning effects"). In any case, sustainable energy strategies must give energy efficiency highest priority combined with an accelerated market introduction of renewables ("integrated strategy"). Under these conditions hydrogen will play a major role not before 2030 using natural gas as a bridge to renewable hydrogen. Against the background of an ambitious CO2-reduction goal which is under discussion in Germany the potentials for efficiency increase, the necessary structural change of the power plant system (corresponding to the decision to phase out nuclear energy, the transformation of the transportation sector and the market implementation order of renewable energies ("following efficiency guidelines first for electricity generation purposes, than for heat generation and than for the transportation sector")) are analysed based on latest sustainable energy scenarios.
Ölknappheit und Ende der Ölverfügbarkeit, oder: Die mathematische Äquivalenz von zwei Sprechweisen
(2006)
Vom 28. November bis 10. Dezember 2005 fand im kanadischen Montreal die 11. Klimakonferenz (COP 11) statt. Doch diesmal kamen nicht nur die Vertragsstaaten der Klimarahmenkonvention zusammen, sondern es traten gleichzeitig und erstmalig auch die mittlerweile 156 Mitgliedsstaaten des Kyoto-Protokolls zusammen (COP/MOP 1). Neben letzten Weichenstellungen für dessen Umsetzung ging es in Montreal insbesondere darum, Verhandlungen über die Fortentwicklung der Kyoto-Verpflichtungen auf den Weg zu bringen. Ein Anlass, um Bilanz zu ziehen.
Microfinance and renewable energy : investing in a sustainable future ; WISIONS of sustainability
(2006)
In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on the micro financing of renewable energy systems. WISIONS presents projects from Peru, South Africa, China and Nepal that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for the selection of the microfinance projects was the inclusion of renewable energy technologies like solar/photovoltaic systems, wind energy and hydropower biogas used for cooking, lighting, power telecommunications equipment, radio, television, household electrification, health clinics, water pumping, milling and grinding, water disinfection, fencing, computer education, machinery operation, etc. in households or businesses.
Der Wandel der Werte
(2006)
Renewables and off-grid rural electrification in developing countries : dimensions and trends
(2005)
Das Grand Design der Klimapolitik : was wir erreicht haben, und die Falle, in die wir geraten sind
(2005)
Editorial
(2005)
Editorial
(2005)
Vorteil für Erdgas
(2005)
Target 2020 : policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the EU ; final report
(2005)
In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on the significance of innovative strategies in the field of sustainable tourism. WISIONS presents projects from Tanzania, Germany, Ecuador, Switzerland and Ghana that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for the selection of the projects was energy and resource efficiency, but social aspects such as the inclusion of local population were also of relevance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials.
Gerhard Berz leitete lange Jahre die GeoRisikoForschung der Mü̈nchener Rück. Die Gründung seines Kompetenzzentrums ergab sich aus den Schutzzielen und dem Selbstverständnis des Unternehmens: Risiken müssen sachlich begründet eingeschätzt und existenzbedrohende Risiken ausgeschlossen werden können. Und da das dazu notwendige Wissen außen nicht verfügbar ist, muß es im eigenen Haus verfügbar gemacht werden. Mit der Einrichtung eines Forschungsinstituts seitens einer privatrechtlichen "Gesellschaft" ist eine überzeugende und modellhafte Antwort auf die Frage gegeben, welches Wissen zu welchem Zweck generiert, aufbereitet und - auch öffentlich, an Kunden - verbreitet werden muß, um Schäden von der Gesellschaft abzuwenden. Die Ausrichtung der GeoRisikoForschung der Münchener Rück als ein Modell für die internationale Klima- und Erdsystemwissenschaft im Verhältnis zu der sie tragenden Gesellschaft?
Impacts of energy use on demand for freight transport : past development and future perspectives
(2005)
Under the framework of the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol the targets and strategies for the second and third commitment period ("post-2012") have to be discussed and set in the near future. Regarding the substantial emission reductions that have to be shouldered by the industrialized nations over the next two decades it is evident that all available potentials to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have to be harnessed and that energy efficiency has to play a key role.
To substantiate this we developed a comprehensive scenario analysis of the EU 25s energy system and other greenhouse gas emissions until 2020. Our analysis shows which key potentials to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are available, by which policies and measures they are attainable
and which will be benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation measures.
By this analysis we show the mayor role of energy efficiency in all sectors and all member states. We demonstrate that a reduction of EU 25 greenhouse gas emissions by more than 30 % by 2020 is feasible, reasonable and - to a large extent - cost effective. We also develop a comprehensive policy package necessary to achieve ambitious Post-Kyoto targets.
The scenario analysis results in a clear identification of the needed strategies, policies and measures and especially the relevance of energy efficiency to achieve the necessary ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets. It also clearly shows the costs and the benefits of such a policy compared to a business as usual case.
Der Wärmemarkt von morgen : ein wesentlicher Baustein einer nachhaltigen Infrastrukturpolitik
(2005)
Die Paketlösung : eine Steuer auf den Verbrauch von Treibstoff auf innerdeutschen Flügen ist möglich
(2005)
In this brochure, WISIONS focuses on the significance of innovative strategies in the field of sustainable transport. WISIONS presents a number of projects from around the globe that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for selection of the projects was energy and resource efficiency, but social aspects such as the inclusion of local population were also of relevance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials.
Based on different current long-term energy scenarios the paper discusses the future perspectives of hydrogen in the German energy system as a representative example for the development of sustainable energy systems. The scenario analysis offers varying outlines of the future energy system that determine the possible role of hydrogen. The paper discusses the possibilities of expanding the share of renewable energy and the resulting prospects for establishing clean hydrogen production from renewable energy sources. Emphasis is given to the questions of an ecologically efficient allocation of limited renewable energy resources that can only be assessed from asystems analysis perspective. Findings from recent studies for Germany reveal a strong competition between the direct input into the electricity system and an indirect use as fuel in the transport sector. Moreover, the analysis underlines the paramount importance of reducing energy demand as the inevitable prerequisite for any renewable energy system.
Mit Inkrafttreten des Kyoto-Protokolls am 16.2.2005 gelten für Deutschland und die meisten anderen Industrieländer völkerrechtlich bindende Minderungsziele für die 6 im Kyoto-Protokoll erfassten Treibhausgase. Damit erlangt eine durchaus kontrovers diskutierte Klimaschutzstrategie, die auf eine stärkere Umstellung der Energienutzung von Öl und Kohle auf mehr Erdgas setzt, zusätzlich an Bedeutung. Der nachfolgende Beitrag setzt sich mit der Klimabilanz des Erdgases unter Berücksichtigung der gesamten Prozesskette auseinander. Insbesondere werden neue Messergebnisse aus Russland dargestellt (Wuppertal Institut 2004), die zeigen, dass die dem Export von russischem Erdgas nach Deutschland zuzuordnenden indirekten Emissionen nur etwa ein Viertel der bei der Erdgasverbrennung entstehenden direkten Emissionen betragen. Damit bleibt Erdgas auch unter Berücksichtigung der indirekten Emissionen in Russland der fossile Energieträger mit den mit Abstand geringsten Treibhausgasemissionen.
Using natural gas for fuel releases less carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than burning oil or coal, but its production and transport are accompanied by emissions of methane, which is a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the short term. This calls into question whether climate forcing could be reduced by switching from coal and oil to natural gas. We have made measurements in Russia along the world's largest gas-transport system and find that methane leakage is in the region of 1.4%, which is considerably less than expected and comparable to that from systems in the United States. Our calculations indicate that using natural gas in preference to other fossil fuels could be useful in the short term for mitigating climate change.
Klimawandel und Küstenschutz
(2005)
Im Auftrag des BMZ werden innovative Technologieentwicklungen in Deutschland und Europa eruiert und bewertet. Ziel ist es, Entwicklungen frühzeitig zu erkennen, die für Entwicklungsländer und die internationale Zusammenarbeit wichtig sein können. Der inhaltliche Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei in den Bereichen Trinkwasser- und Energiebereitstellung. Die Untersuchung gliedert sich in drei Elemente. Zunächst besteht die Aufgabe darin, eine Screening-Methodik inklusive Kriterien/Indikatoren auszuarbeiten, anhand derer potenziell interessante Ansätze ermittelt werden können. Im zweiten Schritt wird mit Hilfe dieser Methodik eine Vorauswahl für viel versprechende Projekte vorgenommen. In dieser Auswahl ist bereits eine erste Einschätzung hinsichtlich der möglichen Umsetzbarkeit der Ansätze im Sinne von nachhaltiger Entwicklung, also unter Beachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und sozialer Kriterien, enthalten. Im dritten Schritt wird eine zusammenfassende Bewertung der einzelnen Technologien vorgenommen. Da es sich hier um die Betrachtung neuer, innovativer Technologien handelt, für die der Informationsstand häufig vergleichsweise gering ist, muss die vorgenommene Bewertung vor diesem Hintergrund gesehen werden und kann allenfalls als eine Art grundsätzliche Einschätzung verstanden werden. Nach Rückkopplung mit dem Auftraggeber wird das Thema "Algen" näher hinterfragt und in die Arbeit integriert.
New energy efficiency policies have been introduced around the world. Historically, most energy models were reasonably equipped to assess the impact of classical policies, such as a subsidy or change in taxation. However, these tools are often insufficient to assess the impact of alternative policy instruments. We evaluate the so-called engineering economic models used to assess future industrial energy use. Engineering economic models include the level of detail commonly needed to model the new types of policies considered. We explore approaches to improve the realism and policy relevance of engineering economic modeling frameworks. We also explore solutions to strengthen the policy usefulness of engineering economic analysis that can be built from a framework of multidisciplinary cooperation. The review discusses the main modeling approaches currently used and evaluates the weaknesses in current models. We focus on the needs to further improve the models. We identify research priorities for the modeling framework, technology representation in models, policy evaluation, and modeling of decision-making behavior.
In this second brochure, WISIONS aims to focus on the significance of a combined approach to water and energy and to present a number of projects from around the globe that have been successfully implemented, with the intention of further promoting the particular approaches used by these projects. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main consideration for selection of the projects was energy and resource efficiency, but social aspects such as the inclusion of local population were also of relevance. The assessment of the projects also included the consideration of regional factors acknowledging different needs and potentials.
Betrug - das Doping-Problem der Wissenschaften : nur extrawissenschaftliche Judikatur kann helfen
(2004)
Scenarios for the transition to a sustainable and climate protecting energy system in Germany
(2004)
The brochure focuses on the significance of the construction sector and aim to collect world-wide innovative project approaches that have already been implemented to promote the concepts. Using a key number of internationally accepted criteria, the main considerations have been the energy efficiency and in a broad sense also the resource efficiency of the projects.
Bridging the data gap
(2004)
Integration ist der Schlüssel : erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz auf der Renewables 2004
(2004)
This book presents important new research on applied eco-efficiency concepts throughout Europe. The aim of eco-efficiency is to achieve market-based measures of environmental protection, in order to enhance the prospects for sustainable development and achieve positive economic and ecological benefits. The distinguished authors discuss a number of themes surrounding eco-efficiency including the necessary conditions for technological dissemination and ecological modernization, and the role of government in enabling businesses and society to participate actively in this process. In particular, they highlight the application of existing European-based policies concerning material flows and energy. The authors also investigate some new concepts of sustainable development and provide a useful introduction to material flows analysis. In further chapters they study the emerging regulatory policies for eco-efficiency, and examine the issues of sustainable business and consumption strategies.
Die Wirkung der Ökosteuer auf die (Auto-) Mobilität : eine Untersuchung mit Unterstützung von VW
(2004)
Klimaschutz durch Effizienzsteigerung bei Kühlgeräten mittels Nachfragebündelung : Kurzfassung
(2003)
It is now widely recognized that effective communication and demand-side policies for alternative energy require sound knowledge of preferences and determinants of demand of the public and consumers. To date, public attitudes towards new transport technologies have been studied under very different conceptual frameworks. This paper gives an overview of the various conceptual frameworks and methodologies used, where four main approaches can be distinguished: general attitudinal surveys, risk perception studies, non-market economic valuation studies, and other approaches such as those based on semiotic theory. We then review the findings of the recent literature on acceptance, attitudes and preferences for hydrogen and fuelcell end-use technologies, focusing on vehicles. These studies are then contrasted with related research into alternative fuel vehicles. The paper finally discusses the main trends in research and avenues for further work in this field. We recommend, among other things, the use of approaches that build knowledge and familiarity with the technology prior to the exploration of attitudes, and the set up of studies that take a whole-systems perspective of hydrogen technologies and that look at hydrogen in the context of other competing clean technologies.
A promising candidate that may follow conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines combines hydrogen from regenerative sources of energy, fuelcells and an electric drive train. For early fleets introduced the refuelling infrastructure needs to be in place at least to the extent of the vehicles operational reach. The question arises which strategies may help to keep initial hydrogen and infrastructure cost low? Industrial production, distribution and use of hydrogen is well-established and the volumes handled are substantial. Even though today's industrialhydrogen is not in tune with the long-term sustainable vision, hydrogen production and infrastructure already in place might serve as a nucleus for putting that vision into practice. This contribution takes stock of industrial production and use of hydrogen in North Rhine-Westphalia based on a recently finalized project. It demonstrates to which extent industrial hydrogen could be used for a growing number of vehicles and at which time additional capacity might need to be installed.
Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are one of several renewable energy technologies with significant potential to meet a part of future energy demand. An integrated technology assessment shows that CSP plants could play a promising role in Africa and Europe, helping to reach ambitious climate protection goals. Based on the analysis of driving forces and barriers, at first three future envisaged technology scenarios are developed. Depending on the underlying assumptions, an installed capacity of 120 GWel, 405 GWel or even 1,000 GWel could be reached globally in 2050. In the latter case, CSP would then meet 13–15% of global electricity demand. Depending on these scenarios, cost reduction curves for North Africa and Europe are derived. The cost assessment conducted for two virtual sites in Algeria and in Spain shows a long-term reduction of electricity generating costs to figures between 4 and 6 ct/kWhel in 2050. The paper concludes with an ecological analysis based on life cycle assessment. Although the greenhouse gas emissions of current (solar only operated) CSP systems show a good performance (31 g CO2-equivalents/kWhel) compared with advanced fossil-fired systems (130–900 CO2-eq./kWhel), they could further be reduced to 18 g CO2-eq./kWhel in 2050, including transmission from North Africa to Europe.