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"Selbst-Check Handwerk" : Selbstbewertung zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften in Handwerksbetrieben
(2007)
The use of materials and the generation of waste are linked to economic activities and in many projections these are assumed to be a constant ratio of the economic activities. This may be the case considering detailed economic activities and unchanged technology. However, the assumption of constant coefficients is questionable when linking material use and waste generation to aggregated economic activities. Therefore, in this paper, econometrics is used to test the assumption of constant waste coefficients empirically. The analyses show that an assumption of constant waste coefficients is not supported, generally, and amodel allowing for trendwise changing coefficients is developed and used for projections of waste and material flows in 25 European countries.
National welfare is no longer an effective frame of reference for enlightened foreign policy. Policy consideration must encompass the common welfare of a world society. Environmental and resource crises are inextricably tied to security and justice. Sixty years after the founding of the United Nations there should be a new effort to establish a genuinely sustainable global order - a "San Francisco 2.0".
A number of "roadmapping" activities are being carried out internationally with the aim of planning and facilitating transitions to hydrogen energy systems. However, there is an evident discrepancy between the treatment of quantitative and qualitative information in the majority of roadmapping efforts. Whilst quantitative information is frequently analysed in numerical and computational models, conversely qualitative information tends to be incorporated on a significantly more ad hoc basis. Previous attempts at incorporating qualitative considerations have not usually been systematised. In this paper we present a methodology aimed at increasing the rigour with which qualitative information is treated in hydrogen roadmapping activities. The key changes and actor mapping (KCAM) methodology was developed as the primary qualitative component of the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap project "HyWays". KCAM, developed from a well known general systems development model, constitutes a means of qualitatively analysing variable hydrogen supply chains that is structured, systematic and flexible.
Warum sollten Strom- und Gasunternehmen ihre Kundinnen und Kunden beim Energiesparen durch effizientere Technik unterstützen? Warum sind die Anreize des Marktes zu schwach, und wie sollte daher die Politik förderliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Energiewirtschaft schaffen? Dem geht dieses Buch mit einer Analyse sinnvoller Politikpakete und wirtschaftlicher Effekte sowie mit einem Vergleich der politischen Rahmenbedingungen in Belgien, Dänemark, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden auf den Grund. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass mit gut gestalteter Politik jährlich bis zu 1,5 Prozent Energie zusätzlich und wirtschaftlich eingespart werden kann. Der Vergleich liefert 44 Schlussfolgerungen zu Erfolgsfaktoren und die Grundlage zu Empfehlungen für die Politik in Deutschland.
Alternativen zum privaten Pkw : Ressourcenschonung mit ÖPNV und kommunalem Mobilitätsmanagement
(2007)
An die Leserinnen und Leser
(2007)
Anpassung der Planungs- und Auslegungsgrundlagen an den Klimawandel : Schutz von Infrastrukturen
(2007)
Anreize für einen klimaeffizienteren Kraftwerkspark in der deutschen Ausgestaltung der EU ETS
(2007)
The enhanced use of biomass for the production of energy, fuels, and materials is one of the key strategies towards sustainable production and consumption. Various life cycle assessment (LCA) studies demonstrate the great potential of bio-based products to reduce both the consumption of non-renewable energy resources and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the production of biomass requires agricultural land and is often associated with adverse environmental effects such as eutrophication of surface and ground water. Decision making in favor of or against bio-based and conventional fossil product alternatives therefore often requires weighing of environmental impacts. In this article, we apply distance-to-target weighing methodology to aggregate LCA results obtained in four different environmental impact categories (i.e., non-renewable energy consumption, global warming potential, eutrophication potential, and acidification potential) to one environmental index. We include 45 bio- and fossil-based product pairs in our analysis, which we conduct for Germany. The resulting environmental indices for all product pairs analyzed range from -19.7 to +0.2 with negative values indicating overall environmental benefits of bio-based products. Except for three options of packaging materials made from wheat and cornstarch, all bio-based products (including energy, fuels, and materials) score better than their fossil counterparts. Comparing the median values for the three options of biomass utilization reveals that bio-energy (-1.2) and bio-materials (-1.0) offer significantly higher environmental benefits than bio-fuels (-0.3). The results of this study reflect, however, subjective value judgments due to the weighing methodology applied. Given the uncertainties and controversies associated not only with distance-to-target methodologies in particular but also with weighing approaches in general, the authors strongly recommend using weighing for decision finding only as a supplementary tool separately from standardized LCA methodology.
Ben A. Minteer: The landscape of reform - civic pragmatism and environment thought in America
(2007)
Die globale Nachfrage nach Bioenergie lässt einen boomenden Biomassehandel mit weit reichenden ökologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen entstehen. Standards und deren Zertifizierung werden als vielversprechender Ansatz zur Sicherung der Nachhaltigkeit in der Wertschöpfungskette gesehen. Inwieweit kann damit aber den unerwünschten Auswirkungen einer stark steigenden Nachfrage begegnet werden? Am Beispiel des Palmölhandels und der Standards des Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil wird diskutiert, unter welchen Voraussetzungen nichtstaatliche Standards zu einer öko-fairen Gestaltung der Wertschöpfungskette beitragen können und wie eine steigende Nachfrage die Wirksamkeit der Standards beeinflusst.
Warum ist es so schwer, die Entwicklung von Regionen nachhaltig zu gestalten? Was blockiert die vielen Bemühungen? Inwiefern sind diese Blockaden auf dichotome Wahrnehmungs-, Denk- und Handlungsmuster zurückzuführen, die von Hierarchien durchzogen sind? Und wie lassen sich diese Blockaden überwinden? Zu diesen Fragen hat der Forschungsverbund "Blockierter Wandel?" in der Region Mulde-Mündung in Ostdeutschland Antworten erarbeitet, die in diesem Buch vorgestellt werden.
In der Zusammenarbeit der Forschenden mit zahlreichen Menschen der Region wurden in den Praxisfeldern Arbeit, Wasserver- und -entsorgung, Bildung, Landschaftsnutzung sowie im Hochwasserschutz Potenziale für Nachhaltigkeit ausgemacht, die sich zwischen bestehenden dichotomen Strukturen entfalten. In diesen Zwischenräumen werden Ziele und Prozesse einer sozial-ökologischen Transformation im gemeinsamen Lernen entworfen und gestaltet.
Nachhaltige Regionalentwicklung, so die Ergebnisse der kritischen Analyse und konstruktiven Perspektive des Forschungsverbundes, erfolgt über die Ermöglichung, Sicherung und Stabilisierung solcher Zwischenräume.
CO2-capture and geological storage as a climate policy option : technologies, concepts, perspectives
(2007)
The idea of removing carbon dioxide from flue gas and industrial gas flows and putting it into suitable long-term storage sites is referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). This publication provides a close look at this new line of technologies, describing its current status and outlining the prospects for development. The approach is both diagnostic and analytical, identifying the questions a technology assessment poses and showing the steps that need to be taken to implement CCS.
CCS is currently moving to the centre of climate policy discussion. Nonetheless this line of technologies is still the subject of controversial discussion. On the one hand there is a clear hope that these technologies will open up opportunities to use fossil fuels without harming the climate and thus make it possible to continue using oil, natural gas and above all coal even under a stricter climate regime. Accordingly, numerous R&D projects have been initiated all over the world, and various demonstration projects are at the planning or implementation stage. On the other hand, CCS (especially the storage part) has given rise to considerable scepticism from an ecological point of view.