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Green Economy
(2012)
How are neighbours doing? : Making energy efficiency efforts comparable through NEEAP screening
(2012)
How much is 100 billion US dollars? : Climate finance between adequacy and creative accounting
(2012)
The Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive (ESD) of the European Union requires the member states to define and attain an overall target of at least 9 % annual energy savings between 2008 and 2016. Even if this target is indicative, this is the first international framework mandating countries to report on their energy savings results and prove achievement of their targets. The directive thus also required the development of harmonised calculation methods that can be used by member states for this proof and reporting. Existing literature covers most of the usual issues related to energy savings evaluation, but mostly looking at single, given energy efficiency programmes or policies. The evaluation objective for the ESD implementation is different, as it aims at accounting for the whole energy savings achieved in a country. Moreover, one of the main difficulties is the diversity in history and experience on this topic among the member states. In this context, the European project EMEEES has worked out an integrated system of bottom-up and top-down methods for the measurement of energy savings. The paper presents the overview of its final results. The proposals, inter alia, include 20 bottom-up and 14 top-down case applications of general evaluation methods. They enable more than 90 % of the potential energy savings to be measured and reported. They were used as a starting point by the European Commission to develop the methods recently recommended to the member states. Furthermore, the paper briefly discusses the importance of the quantity to be measured-all or additional energy savings - and the effect of measures implemented before the entering into force of the ESD ("early action"), and what this meant for the methods to be developed. It compares the main elements of calculation needed to ensure consistent results between bottom-up and top-down methods at the overall national level. Finally, general conclusions are drawn about what could be the next steps in developing an evaluation system that enables a high degree of comparability of results between different countries.
Increasing resource efficiency can potentially deliver important economic and environmental benefits. Many of these benefits are regularly foregone because the financial sector's capacity to adequately take the opportunities and risks arising from resource utilization and related climate change aspects into account has so far remained relatively undeveloped. Focusing on the case of Germany, a number of barriers to the inclusion of resource efficiency and climate change aspects into financial services' considerations are presented. Corresponding measures for improving the capacity of the financial sector to better integrate resource efficiency considerations and climate change related risks into its operating procedures are introduced. The measures encompass the areas of risk controlling, company reporting, institutional reporting requirements, as well as additional supporting measures.
If the current energy policy priorities are retained, there may be no need to focus additionally on carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the power plant sector of Germany. This applies even in the case of ambitious climate protection targets, according to the results of the presented integrated assessment study. These cover a variety of aspects: Firstly, the technology is not expected to become available on a large scale in Germany before 2025. Secondly, if renewable energies and combined heat and power are expanded further and energy productivity is enhanced, there is likely to be only a limited demand for CCS power plants, as a scenario analysis of CCS deployment in Germany shows. Thirdly, cost analysis using the learning curve approach shows that the electricity generation costs of renewable electricity approach those of CCS power plants. This leads to the consequence that, from 2020, several renewable technologies may well be in a position to offer electricity at a cheaper rate than CCS power plants. In addition, a review of new life cycle assessments for CO2 separation in the power plant sector indicates that the greenhouse gas emissions from 1 kW h of electricity generated by first-generation CCS power plants could only be reduced by 68 % to 87 % (95 % in individual cases). Finally, a cautious, conservative estimate of the effective German CO2 storage capacity of approximately 5 billion tonnes of CO2 is calculated, including a fluctuation range yielding values between 4 and 15 billion tonnes of CO2. Therefore, the total CO2 emissions caused by large point sources in Germany could be stored for 12 years (basic value) or for 8 or 33 years (sensitivity values).
The study presents the results of an integrated assessment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the power plant sector in Germany, with special emphasis on the competition with renewable energy technologies. Assessment dimensions comprise technical, economic and environmental aspects, long-term scenario analysis, the role of stakeholders and public acceptance and regulatory issues. The results lead to the overall conclusion that there might not necessarily be a need to focus additionally on CCS in the power plant sector. Even in case of ambitious climate protection targets, current energy policy priorities (expansion of renewable energies and combined heat and power plants as well as enhanced energy productivity) result in a limited demand for CCS. In case that the large energy saving potential aimed for can only partly be implemented, the rising gap in CO2 reduction could only be closed by setting up a CCS-maximum strategy. In this case, up to 22% (41 GW) of the totally installed load in 2050 could be based on CCS. Assuming a more realistic scenario variant applying CCS to only 20 GW or lower would not be sufficient to reach the envisaged climate targets in the electricity sector. Furthermore, the growing public opposition against CO2 storage projects appears as a key barrier, supplemented by major uncertainties concerning the estimation of storage potentials, the long-term cost development as well as the environmental burdens which abound when applying a life-cycle approach. However, recently, alternative applications are being increasingly considered–that is the capture of CO2 at industrial point sources and biomass based energy production (electricity, heat and fuels) where assessment studies for exploring the potentials, limits and requirements for commercial use are missing so far. Globally, CCS at power plants might be an important climate protection technology: coal-consuming countries such as China and India are increasingly moving centre stage into the debate. Here, similar investigations on the development and the integration of both, CCS and renewable energies, into the individual energy system structures of such countries would be reasonable.
Natural resources are back on the agenda. After the rise of new economic powers such as China, India, and Brazil, global competition has perceptibly increased strategic concerns as regards high commodity prices and possible supply shortages. Germany, the EU, the United States, and many others have formulated raw material strategies that put concern over access and supply at center stage - but the environmental and the socio-political dimensions are widely neglected in these strategies. This paper underlines a new dimension of international relations and pleads for new approaches, called international resource politics, which can be used for ongoing debates concerning green economy and transition strategies.
Sustainable energy technologies are widely sought-after as essential elements in facing global challenges such as energy security, global warming and poverty reduction. However, in spite of their promising advantages, sustainable energy technologies make only a marginal contribution to meeting energy related needs in both industrialised and developing countries, in comparison to the widespread use of unsustainable technologies. One of the most significant constraints to their adoption and broad diffusion is the socio-economic context in which sustainable energy technologies are supposed to operate. The same holds true for community-based energy projects in developing countries supported by the WISIONS initiative. Practical strategies dealing with these socio-economic challenges are crucial elements for project design and, particularly, for the implementation of project activities. In this paper experiences from implementing community-based projects are reviewed in order to identify the practical elements that are relevant to overcome socio-economic challenges. In order to systematise the findings, an analytical framework is proposed, which combines analytical tools from the socio-technical transition framework and insights from participative approaches to development.
Bis zum Jahr 2050 ist in Deutschland ein ausreichender Klima- und Ressourcenschutz technisch möglich und für die Volkswirtschaft vorteilhafter als eine Referenzentwicklung ("business as usual"): Das ist die Kernbotschaft, die von einer Vielzahl vorliegender Langfrist-Energieszenarien ausgeht. Auch das aktuelle Energiekonzept (September 2010) der Regierungskoalition aus CDU/CSU und FDP formuliert - gestützt auf Szenarien - quantifizierte Leitziele, die noch vor einigen Jahren als ökologische Utopien abgetan worden wären. Ist die Energiepolitik also auf einem guten Weg? Wie weit tragen die Techniken für Energieeffizienz und Erneuerbare? Ist effizient auch suffizient? Dieser Beitrag beantwortet diese Fragen mit drei Thesen. Erstens: Die Integration von Energieeffizienz und erneuerbaren Energien ist "die Brücke" zur Nachhaltigkeit. Zweitens: Die volkswirtschaftlich attraktiven Synergien zwischen Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz müssen gehoben werden. Drittens: Eine Strategie für mehr Ressourceneffizienz muss in eine "Kultur der Genügsamkeit" eingebettet werden.
Städte haben in dreierlei Hinsicht eine Verbindung zum Klimawandel. Als Verursacher sind sie für einen wesentlichen Anteil der anthropogen verursachten Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Gleichzeitig sind sie von den Folgen des Klimawandels, z. B. durch zunehmende Hitzebelastung, Starkregenereignisse und Überschwemmungen, besonders betroffen. Schließlich können Städte als Experimentierfeld für die Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Klimaschutzkonzepten, Technologien und Maßnahmen dienen. Sie sind damit Initiator für einen Transformationsprozess hin zu einer nachhaltigen und zukunftsfähigen Entwicklung.
In einigen Städten und Gemeinden in Deutschland sind in den letzten Jahren Klimaschutzkonzepte erstellt worden. Am Beispiel des vom Wuppertal Institut für die Stadt Köln erstellten Teilkonzeptes "Verkehr" sowie weiterer Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse im kommunalen Klimaschutz zeigt der Beitrag auf, welche Maßnahmen ergriffen werden sollten, um mittelfristig die verkehrsbedingten Emissionen in den Städten zu verringern.
Leasing society : study
(2012)
This paper attempts to assess whether renewable energy self-sufficiency can be achieved in the crop production and processing sector in Tanzania and if this could be accomplished in an environmentally sustainable manner. In order to answer these questions the theoretical energy potential of process residues from commercially produced agricultural crops in Tanzania is evaluated. Furthermore, a set of sustainability indicators with focus on environmental criteria is applied to identify risks and opportunities of using these residues for energy generation. In particular, the positive and negative effects on the land-use-system (soil fertility, water use and quality, biodiversity, etc.) are evaluated. The results show that energy generation with certain agricultural process residues could not only improve and secure the energy supply but could also improve the sustainability of current land-use practices.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the results from the LIVING LAB design study, a project within the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union. The aim of this project was to develop the conceptual design of the LIVING LAB Research Infrastructure that will be used to research human interaction with, and stimulate the adoption of, sustainable, smart and healthy innovations around the home.
Design/methodology/approach - A LIVING LAB is a combined lab-/household system, analysing existing product-service-systems as well as technical and socioeconomic influences focused on the social needs of people, aiming at the development of integrated technical and social innovations and simultaneously promoting the conditions of sustainable development (highest resource efficiency, highest user orientation, etc.). This approach allows the development and testing of sustainable domestic technologies, while putting the user on centre stage.
Findings - As this paper discusses the design study, no actual findings can be presented here but the focus is on presenting the research approach.
Originality/value - The two elements (real homes and living laboratories) of this approach are what make the LIVING LAB research infrastructure unique. The research conducted in LIVING LAB will be innovative in several respects. First, it will contribute to market innovation by producing breakthroughs in sustainable domestic technologies that will be easy to install, user friendly and that meet environmental performance standards in real life. Second, research from LIVING LAB will contribute to innovation in practice by pioneering new forms of in-context, user-centred research, including long-term and cross-cultural research.
Purpose - Iran as an energy-rich country faces many challenges in the optimal utilization of its vast resources. High rates of population and economic growth, a generous subsidies program, and poor resource management have contributed to rapidly growing energy consumption and high energy intensity over the past decades. The continuing trend of rising energy consumption will bring about new challenges as it will shrink oil export revenues, restraining economic activities. This calls for a study to explore alternative scenarios for the utilization of energy resources in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to model demand for energy in Iran and develop two business-as-usual and efficiency scenarios for the period 2005-2030.
Design/methodology/approach - The authors use a techno-economic or end-use approach to model energy demand in Iran for different types of energy uses and energy carriers in all sectors of the economy and forecast it under two scenarios: business as usual (BAU) and efficiency.
Findings - Iran has a huge potential for energy savings. Specifically, under the efficiency scenario, Iran will be able to reduce its energy consumption 40 percent by 2030. The energy intensity can also be reduced by about 60 percent to a level lower than the world average today.
Originality/value - The paper presents a comprehensive study that models the Iranian energy demand in different sectors of the economy, using data at different aggregation levels and a techno-economic end-use approach to illuminate the future of energy demand under alternative scenarios.
Macht für Nachhaltigkeit
(2012)
The field of nutrition is facing numerous social, ecological and economic challenges in the coming decades. The food industry belongs to the most significant economic sectors worldwide and the increasing population of 9 billion in 2050 will cause a growing demand on food. So far, changing lifestyles, especially the global rising consumption of meat and dairy products are increasing environmental damage. Moreover our health and wellbeing are the direct result of healthy or unhealthy nourishment and influence follow-up indicators like individual and public health, the expense of the health sector and work productivity.
The material footprint is a tool to measure and optimize the resource consumption of both products and their ingredients and the production processes along the whole value chain. It covers the whole life cycle of the products, from the extraction of raw materials to the processing industry, distribution, consumption, recycling, and disposal. In order to decrease resource consumption to a level in line with the planetary boundaries, the material footprint of household consumption should achieve a level of six to eight tonnes per capita in a year by 2050. This means a reduction in natural resource consumption by a factor of 5 to 10 in Western European countries. In order to ensure a decent lifestyle for all people in 2050, also the material footprint of nutrition has to be reduced significantly by 2050.
The paper shows the relevance and role of nutrition in the overall material footprint of households on the basis of existing studies on the overall resource consumption caused by household consumption. Quantified meal and diet examples are given. It also discusses the causes of food waste and raises the question how a reduction of food waste is possible and can help decreasing the resource consumption in the food sector.
Material footprint of low-income households in Finland : consequences for the sustainability debate
(2012)
The article assesses the material footprints of households living on a minimum amount of social benefits in Finland and discusses the consequences in terms of ecological and social sustainability. The data were collected using interviews and a questionnaire on the consumption patterns of 18 single households. The results are compared to a study on households with varying income levels, to average consumption patterns and to decent minimum reference budgets. The low-income households have lower material footprints than average and most of the material footprints are below the socially sustainable level of consumption, which is based on decent minimum reference budgets. However, the amount of resources used by most of the households studied here is still at least double that required for ecological sustainability. The simultaneous existence of both deprivation and overconsumption requires measures from both politicians and companies to make consumption sustainable. For example, both adequate housing and economic mobility need to be addressed. Measures to improve the social sustainability of low-income households should target reducing the material footprints of more affluent households. Furthermore, the concept of what constitutes a decent life should be understood more universally than on the basis of standards of material consumption.
The need for an "Energy Roadmap 2050" triggered a multitude of studies that were conducted between 2009 and 2011, which again contained a multitude of decarbonisation scenarios, which achieve the EU's long-term emission mitigation target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 (relative to 1990 emissions). The variety of important analysis is difficult to compare and utilize for specific and timely policy decisions. Thus the Smart Energy for Europe Platform (SEFEP) has commissioned a comparative study of relevant energy scenario studies for Europe. The findings of this comparative study are summarized here briefly.
MIPS / hot spot analysis
(2012)
Mitigating climate change, investing in development : fostering the CDM in least developed countries
(2012)
Im Zentrum dieser Untersuchung steht die Aufbereitung der Erfahrungen mit den Elektrofahrzeugen in Einzelprojekten der Modellregionen Phase I hinsichtlich der energiebezogenen Parameter und der nach Fahrzeugsegmenten differenzierte Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Fahrzeugen. In der Literatur finden sich für die Klimabilanz von Elektrofahrzeugen unterschiedliche Bewertungsmethoden, deren Ergebnisse kurzfristig stark streuen und sich erst mittel- bis längerfristig perspektivisch annähern. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden drei Varianten zur Bilanzierung der klimarelevanten Emissionen gerechnet: a) Werden Elektrofahrzeuge mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien betrieben, ist ihre Klimabilanz deutlich besser als diejenige fossil betriebener Pkw. Wann, inwieweit und unter welchen Voraussetzungen (Herkunftsnachweis) eine direkte Zuordnung des Fahrstroms zu einer Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien möglich ist, ist heute allerdings umstritten. b) Unter pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten bietet die Strommixmethode eine gute Orientierung für die klimabezogene Bewertung von Elektrofahrzeugen. Aufgrund der auf der Zeitachse planungsgemäß zunehmenden Anteile erneuerbarer Energien im Strommix führt dies für die Zeiten, in denen eine signifikante Durchdringung mit Elektrofahrzeugen zu erwarten ist, zu einer gegenüber heute deutlichen Verbesserung der spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und respektive Vorteilen gegenüber mit fossilen Kraftstoffen betriebenen Fahrzeugen. c) Legt man dem Kraftwerkseinsatz Merit Order als Regel des ökonomischen Betriebs zugrunde und betrachtet den Stromverbrauch von Elektrofahrzeugen als "zusätzlichen" Verbrauch gegenüber einem Zustand ohne Elektrofahrzeuge, stellt sich die Klimabilanz nicht so günstig dar.
In der Energiegewinnung zeichnet sich derzeit eine politisch vorgegebene Marschrichtung ab: Weg von den nicht nachwachsenden Rohstoffen Erdöl und Erdgas hin zu alternativen Nutzungsformen. Dies manifestiert sich zum Beispiel im Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärme-Gesetz (EEWärmeG) und der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV). Verstärkt setzt man in Deutschland dabei auf Solarenergie, Windkraft und Biomasse als erneuerbare Energien. Weniger bekannt ist hierzulande die energetische Nutzung der Abwasserwärme, die in der Schweiz und den skandinavischen Ländern schon seit über 20 Jahren erfolgreich zum Heizen und Kühlen von Gebäuden genutzt wird. Langsam kommt dieser Trend auch in Deutschland an. Einen Stein auf diesem Weg setzt der Autor Achim Hamann mit der Fachpublikation "Nachhaltige Immobilienwirtschaft am Beispiel der Abwasserwärmenutzung".
Nachhaltigkeit
(2012)
Defining the prevention of waste as top priority of the waste hierarchy - as confirmed by the revised Waste Framework Directive (WFD) - is much more than a simple amendment of ways to deal with waste, but means nothing less than a fundamental change of the socio-technical system of waste infrastructures and requires a transition from end-of-pipe technologies towards an integrated management of resources. The WFD therefore obligates member states to develop national waste prevention programs as a new policy instrument with the development of waste prevention indicators as one of the core elements. The article discusses the limitations of waste-based key figures and shows the need for more process-oriented indicators. As part of the development of national waste prevention programs such indicators reveal the relevance of different barriers that have to be overcome in order to make prevention an effective top priority in the waste hierarchy. With regard to path dependencies caused by sunk costs in end-of-pipe waste infrastructures the absolute amount of integrated environmental investments, as well as their share of the total waste-related investments, can be seen as indicators for the level of innovation activities aimed at waste prevention. Sector-specific indicators for the production phase could be used as benchmarks and to highlight differences in the need for policy interventions.
The Durban conference decided to establish a new market-based mechanism that is to cover a broad segment of a country's economy. The implementation details are to be agreed at this year's conference in Qatar. The question is, however, which developing countries would actually be able to implement such a new mechanism. The introduction of the EU emission trading system highlighted the many challenges that even advanced developed countries face when establishing a carbon market. This paper by Wolfgang Sterk and Florian Mersmann therefore aims to explore the essential prerequisites for the implementation of new market mechanisms (NMM). In addition to a theoretical discussion it considers the cases of China and Mexico.
Nutzen statt Besitzen : auf dem Weg zu einer ressourcenschonenden Konsumkultur ; eine Kurzstudie
(2012)
Es gibt einen neuen Trend, der nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern weltweit Einzug hält: Gemeinschaftlicher Konsum heißt er und umfasst so unterschiedliche Praktiken wie Wohnungstausch, Kleidertauschparties, Autogemeinschaften, Gemeinschaftsgärten, Tauschringe für Werkzeuge, Drucker oder DVDs und vieles andere mehr. Das Time Magazin hat diese neue Konsumform sogar zu einer der zehn großen Ideen erkoren, die die Welt verändern. Denn wenn man Dinge gemeinsam nutzt und weiterverwendet, kann dadurch der Ressourcenverbrauch erheblich gesenkt werden.
Anhand der drei Beispiele "Kleidertausch", "Werkzeugverleih" und "Chemieleasing" geht diese Kurzstudie der Frage nach, welche Potenziale zur Reduktion des Ressourcenverbrauchs im Konzept „Nutzen statt Besitzen“ enthalten sind und was getan werden muss, um diesen Konsumstil zu befördern.
Increasing urbanisation and climate change belong to the greatest challenges of the 21st century. A high share of global greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to originate in urban areas (40 % to 78 % according to UN Habitat 2010). Therefore, low carbon city strategies and concepts implicate large greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials. At the same time, with high population and infrastructure densities as well as concentrated economic activities, cities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and need to adapt. Scarce natural resources further constrain the leeway for long-term, sustainable urban development. The Low Carbon Future Cities (LCFC) project aims at tapping this three-dimensional challenge and will develop an integrated strategy / roadmap, balancing low carbon development, gains in resource efficiency and adaptation to climate change. The study focuses on two pilot regions - one in China (Wuxi) and one in Germany (Düsseldorf+) - and is conducted by a German-Chinese research team supported by the German Stiftung Mercator. The paper gives an overview of first outcomes of the analysis of the status quo and assessment of the most likely developments regarding GHG emissions, climate impacts and resource use in Wuxi. The project developed an emission inventory for Wuxi to identify key sectors for further analysis and low carbon scenarios. The future development of energy demand and related CO2 emissions in 2030 were simulated in the current policy scenario (CPS), using five different sub-models. Selected aspects of Wuxi's current material and water flows were analysed and modelled for energy transformation and the building sector. Current and future climate impacts and vulnerability were investigated. Recent climatic changes and resulting damages were analysed, expected changes in temperature and precipitation in the coming four decades were projected using ensembles of three General Circulation Models. Although Wuxi's government started a path to implement a low carbon plan, the first results show that more ambitious efforts are needed to overcome the challenges faced.
Partner einer transformativen Wissenschaft : NaWis und Ecornet geben wissenschaftspolitische Impulse
(2012)
This thesis explores the opportunities and constraints for the adoption of a post-growth economy as a plausible approach towards sustainability by social movements. With the transdisciplinary perspective of sustainability science, the qualitative study of social movements and post-growth found that Germany does not have a post-growth movement. Nevertheless, the environmental movement and, in particular, Friends of the Earth Germany are suitable candidates of change for post-growth. However, they have not adopted post-growth yet because of certain gaps in bridging concepts of post-growth with their own work. To fill this gap, the study recommends to operationalize post-growth in five steps: (1) to distinguish between "sustainable liberalism" and "fair de-growth" as two major types of post-growth, (2) to re-frame the promises of economic growth as myths, (3) to complement "political choice" as means towards post-growth with "social choice", (4) to identify and compile areas of a post-growth economy, and (5) to overcome
the inherent power dilemma between agents of change and actors of these areas, that are required to be transformed, while forming coalitions between both. If these recommendations are taken into account by academics and activists, the environmental movement is more likely to successfully activate causal mechanisms of change for the transition to a post-growth economy. With its critique on the current comprehension of progress as economic growth, postgrowth is initiating a new, more fruitful phase of the sustainability discourse.
Die Landesregierung von Nordrhein-Westfalen hatte sich 2010 in ihrem Koalitionsvertrag zum Ziel gesetzt, einen Klimaschutzplan zu entwickeln, der die notwendigen Klimaschutzmaßnahmen zur Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele, inklusive von Zwischenzielen, konkret benennt.
Die Eckpunkte des Klimaschutzplanes wurden im Entwurf des Klimaschutzgesetzes (Landesregierung NRW 2011) beschrieben.
Grundlage der inhaltlichen Bearbeitung des Klimaschutzplanes ist eine szenariogestützte Auswahl notwendiger Klimaschutzstrategien und Klimaschutzmaßnahmen für NRW, durch welche die Klimaschutzziele der Landesregierung erreicht werden können. Für die Modellerstellung und die Diskussion von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen in den sektoralen Arbeitsgruppen zur Erstellung des Klimaschutzplanes waren umfangreiche Vorarbeiten notwendig. Dazu gehörte zentral eine Übersicht über die Emissionsminderungs- und Energieeffizienzpotenziale der einzelnen Sektoren in NRW. Dies ist auch explizit im Entwurf des Klimaschutzgesetzes unter § 6 gefordert. Aufgrund der kurzen Vorbereitungszeit zur Erstellung des Klimaschutzplanes war es nicht möglich, eine eigene umfassende Potenzialuntersuchung für ganz Nordrhein-Westfalen durchzuführen. Deswegen wurde im ersten Schritt ein Literaturscreening durchgeführt, in dem dargestellt wird, welche Potenzialuntersuchungen es für NRW in den einzelnen Sektoren gibt. Für diejenigen Bereiche, für die keine expliziten Untersuchungen für den Raum Nordrhein-Westfalen vorliegen, werden nationale Quellen herangezogen.
Aus der Literaturübersicht wurden die wichtigsten sektoralen Treibhausgasminderungs- und Effizienzpotenziale herausgezogen und so aufbereitet, dass sie im THG-Modell und als Vorlage für die sektoralen Arbeitsgruppen dienen können.
Power sector decarbonisation : metastudy ; WP 2.2 quantitative analysis of existing EU-wide studies
(2012)
The final report of the research project "Power Sector Decarbonisation: Metastudy" contains the various reports prepared by Öko-Institut and Wuppertal Institute during the course of the SEFEP funded project. A key objective of the project was to make a contribution to the debates within the European Union (EU) and Member States on the EU's Energy Roadmap 2050 publication, which was released in December 2011. This objective was achieved by systematically analysing and comparing recently published scenarios on the European electricity sector commissioned by a range of different stakeholders (environmental NGOs, industry and government agencies).
Johannes Venjakob beschreibt die langfristige Entwicklung des polnischen Energiesektors in Form qualitativ-narrativer Szenarios, wobei er besonderes Augenmerk auf die Rolle erneuerbarer Energieträger richtet. In seiner Studie zieht er Erklärungsansätze aus der Institutionenökonomik heran und untersucht Veränderungsprozesse im Beziehungsgeflecht aus Technologien, Akteuren und Institutionen. Inwieweit stellt der polnische EU-Beitritt eine Weggabelung in der Entwicklung des polnischen Energiesystems dar?
Im Mittelpunkt von Venjakobs Analysen steht darüber hinaus die wechselseitige Beeinflussung von Raumstrukturen und Energiesystem. Am Beispiel Polens zeigt er auf, wie sich der Umbau zu einem stärker regenerativ ausgerichteten Energiesystem langfristig auf die Raumstruktur auswirken könnte. Dabei betrachtet er auch die Frage, wie sich geographische Forschungsarbeiten mit Methoden der wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsforschung verbinden lassen. Venjakobs Buch leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung der geographischen Energieforschung und trägt zur konzeptionellen und inhaltlichen Erweiterung der wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsforschung bei. Es wendet sich vor allem an Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, die an der Schnittstelle zwischen Energiethemen und Zukunftsforschung arbeiten und Interesse an der Erprobung innovativer Methoden in diesem Kontext haben.
Eine nachhaltige Entwicklung erfordert eine umfassende Transformation unserer Gesellschaft. Klar ist: Klassische Politikmuster reichen dafür kaum aus. Auch verfügen einzelne Akteure meist nicht über ausreichende Mittel und Informationen, um Veränderungen alleine voranzutreiben. Daher kommt regionalen Nachhaltigkeitsnetzwerken und Kooperationen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu - insbesondere zwischen Unternehmen und anderen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen. Carolin Baedeker zeigt anhand eines Netzwerks zwischen Schulen und Unternehmen in Wuppertal wie regionale Netzwerke einen entscheidenden Beitrag für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung leisten. Sie bilden den Ankerpunkt einer Vernetzung im Mehrebenensystem - von der individuellen über die lokale und regionale bis zur gesamtgesellschaftlichen Ebene. Die Autorin identifiziert wesentliche Merkmale und Erfolgsfaktoren für regionale, innovationsorientierte Netzwerke und entwickelt daraus das Modell eines Lernenden Netzwerks mit kreativen Agenten. Deutlich wird, wie regionale Akteure von gegenseitigem Vertrauen, emotionaler Bindung, spezifischer Vor-Ort-Kenntnis und konkreter Ergebnisorientierung profitieren.
This report analyses the international climate negotiations at the UN climate conference in Doha in December 2012. The report is structured along the three main tracks of the negotiations: the agreement on a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, the closure of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention, and the start of negotiations on a new comprehensive climate agreement that are to be concluded by 2015.
Die nachhaltige Gestaltung der zukünftigen Energieversorgung stellt heute große Herausforderungen. Diese gehen weit über die häufig im Mittelpunkt stehende Frage des Klimaschutzes hinaus und umfassen Aspekte der Versorgungssicherheit, der Wirtschafts- und Sozialverträglichkeit ebenso wie Ansprüche nach Risikominimierung, geringer Systemverletzlichkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit. Bei der Gestaltung entsprechender Politiken und bei der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen gilt es diesen komplexen Anforderungskanon im Hinterkopf zu haben, Synergieeffekte anzustreben und trade off's zwischen verschiedenen Zielen zu vermeiden.
Mit den Ereignissen und Entscheidungen des Jahres 2011 wurde endgültig der Wandel im Umbau unseres Energiesystems eingeleitet. Welche Perspektiven ergeben sich daraus für die Unternehmen des Energiesektors? Namhafte Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis beschreiben in diesem Buch, wie der Wandel in Richtung auf mehr Nachhaltigkeit gelingen kann. Eine wichtige Rolle spielen dabei die sogenannten Smart-Technologien. Die Herausforderung für Versorger und Technikanbieter liegt darin, erfolgreich neue Geschäftsmodelle zu realisieren. Die Autoren arbeiten in zukunftsweisenden Projekten in diesem Themenfeld und berichten über ihre Fortschritte beim Umbau der Energiebranche.